{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366492811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","title":"Gun Violence, Community Harm, and Street Stops","display_name":"Gun Violence, Community Harm, and Street Stops","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366492811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/police/paac099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734603922","display_name":"Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice","issn_l":"1752-4512","issn":["1752-4512","1752-4520"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032952441","display_name":"Anthony A. Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony A Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032952441"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78463614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-violence","display_name":"gun violence","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-harm","display_name":"community harm","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-stop-and-frisk","display_name":"police stop and frisk","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firearm-homicide","display_name":"firearm homicide","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-men","display_name":"Black men","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-trauma","display_name":"community trauma","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.7406604290008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.5596216917037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780534388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508","display_name":"Gun control","level":2,"score":0.5098756551742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4901736378669739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993856043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5618454","display_name":"Gun violence","level":4,"score":0.48535504937171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43609274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282250","display_name":"Disinvestment","level":3,"score":0.4803118109703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4687519073486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.43817728757858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4257206320762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.4252339005470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36181849241256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3336353302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.33324888348579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2967197299003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2763345241546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.27590298652648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25430962443351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.24035418033599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1839713156223297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1777966320514679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1427377462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/police/paac099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734603922","display_name":"Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice","issn_l":"1752-4512","issn":["1752-4512","1752-4520"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560446373","https://openalex.org/W1970796079","https://openalex.org/W1981005540","https://openalex.org/W2015899622","https://openalex.org/W2017816435","https://openalex.org/W2082711757","https://openalex.org/W2105085708","https://openalex.org/W2106467868","https://openalex.org/W2116733554","https://openalex.org/W2149107254","https://openalex.org/W2793852645","https://openalex.org/W2796638730","https://openalex.org/W3096794544","https://openalex.org/W4220886029","https://openalex.org/W4297266444","https://openalex.org/W4317368293","https://openalex.org/W4385304025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7056231038","https://openalex.org/W6991474202","https://openalex.org/W2185154239","https://openalex.org/W3169210285","https://openalex.org/W4293757811","https://openalex.org/W2999532404","https://openalex.org/W7065494326","https://openalex.org/W7011599422","https://openalex.org/W4401284232","https://openalex.org/W7058398164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gun":[0],"violence":[1,58,87],"in":[2,63,94,106,141],"the":[3,43,64,121,134,142,152],"USA":[4,143],"takes":[5],"lives":[6],"at":[7],"an":[8],"alarming":[9],"pace.":[10],"In":[11],"2020,":[12],"there":[13],"were":[14,28,32],"19,384":[15],"people":[16],"killed":[17],"by":[18],"gunfire.":[19],"Sixty-one":[20],"per":[21],"cent":[22],"of":[23,42,56,124,138,151],"all":[24],"gun":[25,57,86],"homicide":[26,105],"victims":[27],"Black":[29,33],"and":[30,51,61,67,79,91,110,120,126],"39%":[31],"males":[34],"aged":[35],"18\u201334\u2014a":[36],"group":[37],"that":[38,133],"represented":[39],"only":[40],"2%":[41],"US":[44],"population":[45],"(U.S.":[46],"Centers":[47],"for":[48,103],"Disease":[49],"Control":[50],"Prevention,":[52],"2022).":[53,157],"The":[54],"threat":[55],"causes":[59],"anxiety":[60],"trauma":[62],"affected":[65],"communities":[66,115],"motivates":[68],"costly":[69],"avoidance":[70],"activities.":[71],"It":[72],"becomes":[73],"difficult":[74],"to":[75,85],"retain":[76],"existing":[77],"businesses":[78],"attract":[80],"new":[81],"ones.":[82],"Children":[83],"exposed":[84],"develop":[88],"psychological":[89],"problems":[90],"perform":[92],"worse":[93],"school":[95],"(Sharkey,":[96],"2018).":[97],"Roughly":[98],"70":[99],"residents":[100],"move":[101],"out":[102],"every":[104],"a":[107],"neighbourhood":[108],"(Cook":[109],"Ludwig,":[111],"2000).":[112],"Consequently,":[113],"these":[114],"further":[116],"suffer":[117],"from":[118],"disinvestment":[119],"associated":[122],"lack":[123],"employment":[125],"retail":[127],"options.":[128],"A":[129],"recent":[130],"estimate":[131],"suggests":[132],"overall":[135],"economic":[136],"cost":[137],"firearm":[139],"injuries":[140],"is":[144],"$557":[145],"billion":[146],"annually,":[147],"or":[148],"almost":[149],"3%":[150],"gross":[153],"domestic":[154],"product":[155],"(Song,":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-18T07:38:42.748307","created_date":"2023-04-22T00:00:00"}
