{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366378565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","title":"Personalized Machine Learning Approach to Estimating Knee Kinematics Using Only Shank-Mounted IMU","display_name":"Personalized Machine Learning Approach to Estimating Knee Kinematics Using Only Shank-Mounted IMU","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366378565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189694085","display_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","issn_l":"1530-437X","issn":["1530-437X","1558-1748","2379-9153"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321027","host_organization_name":"IEEE Sensors Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321027","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Sensors Council","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/305301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062292589","display_name":"Ted Yeung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-1516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-1516"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted Yeung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-1516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059511563","display_name":"Astrid Cantamessa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8984-8531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8984-8531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","display_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","ror":"https://ror.org/00afp2z80","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astrid Cantamessa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liege, Liege, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8984-8531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liege, Liege, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000654559","display_name":"Andreas W. Kempa-Liehr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-0573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-0573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas W. Kempa-Liehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-0573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090717732","display_name":"Thor F. Besier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-7554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-7554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thor Besier","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-7554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067173512","display_name":"Julie Choisne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-5870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-5870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Choisne","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-5870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67185416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"12380","last_page":"12387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.35109999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.35109999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.26980000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.1876000016927719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-kinematics","display_name":"knee kinematics","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-sensors","display_name":"wearable sensors","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest-regression","display_name":"random forest regression","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series-feature-extraction","display_name":"time series feature extraction","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"gait analysis","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-motion-capture","display_name":"optical motion capture","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill-walking","display_name":"treadmill walking","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.7493330836296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6438779234886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.6432734727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5544893145561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4981217384338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.4901061952114105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.4389094412326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.4206881523132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42009490728378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39729243516921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15801173448562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.15407037734985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07806792855262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3267398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189694085","display_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","issn_l":"1530-437X","issn":["1530-437X","1558-1748","2379-9153"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321027","host_organization_name":"IEEE Sensors Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321027","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Sensors Council","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.ulg.ac.be:2268/305301","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/305301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401300","display_name":"ORBi (University of Li\u00e8ge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","host_organization_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal, 23 (11), 12380 - 12387 (2023-06)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/64976","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2292/64976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.ulg.ac.be:2268/305301","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/305301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401300","display_name":"ORBi (University of Li\u00e8ge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","host_organization_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal, 23 (11), 12380 - 12387 (2023-06)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593074355","https://openalex.org/W2002204150","https://openalex.org/W2040535480","https://openalex.org/W2082648545","https://openalex.org/W2087343645","https://openalex.org/W2130281033","https://openalex.org/W2142565027","https://openalex.org/W2158305272","https://openalex.org/W2160146756","https://openalex.org/W2167782359","https://openalex.org/W2562996226","https://openalex.org/W2567592426","https://openalex.org/W2614348207","https://openalex.org/W2802314367","https://openalex.org/W2807591703","https://openalex.org/W2890527768","https://openalex.org/W2891489434","https://openalex.org/W2918167402","https://openalex.org/W2952207711","https://openalex.org/W2969798513","https://openalex.org/W2971814855","https://openalex.org/W2995138166","https://openalex.org/W3005130785","https://openalex.org/W3020314309","https://openalex.org/W3022939368","https://openalex.org/W3047228793","https://openalex.org/W3082742140","https://openalex.org/W3091925322","https://openalex.org/W3132976326","https://openalex.org/W3195194521","https://openalex.org/W3195815396","https://openalex.org/W3215348250","https://openalex.org/W4200617618","https://openalex.org/W4205547750","https://openalex.org/W4221058366","https://openalex.org/W6962559856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385397039","https://openalex.org/W4205547750","https://openalex.org/W4386700365","https://openalex.org/W4415708320","https://openalex.org/W1991378283","https://openalex.org/W7211957149","https://openalex.org/W4411799107","https://openalex.org/W4391878134","https://openalex.org/W4409447841","https://openalex.org/W4415439636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knee":[0],"kinematics":[1,211],"is":[2,17,50],"a":[3,21,73,79,90,109,134,152,179,214,225],"valuable":[4],"measure":[5],"of":[6,24,47,141,147],"knee":[7,40,85,122,210],"joint":[8,58,86],"function.":[9],"However,":[10,218],"collecting":[11],"that":[12],"data":[13,102,220],"outside":[14],"the":[15,44,94,139,142,148,158,196,229],"clinic":[16],"difficult,":[18],"especially":[19],"with":[20],"limited":[22],"number":[23],"wearable":[25],"sensors":[26],"and":[27,72,100,151],"when":[28],"you":[29],"only":[30,61],"use":[31,53,68],"an":[32,166,186],"ankle-mounted":[33,62,216],"inertial":[34,101],"measurement":[35],"unit":[36],"(IMU)":[37],"to":[38,43,52,56,67,77,113,137,178,207,223],"estimate":[39,209],"kinematics.":[41],"Due":[42],"cyclic":[45],"nature":[46],"gait,":[48],"it":[49],"possible":[51],"machine":[54],"learning":[55],"extract":[57],"angles":[59,88,124],"from":[60,89,103],"sensors.":[63],"This":[64],"study":[65],"aimed":[66],"time-series":[69],"feature":[70,160],"extraction":[71],"random":[74],"forest":[75],"regressor":[76],"generate":[78],"person-specific":[80],"surrogate":[81,117,202],"model":[82,227],"for":[83,119,133],"estimating":[84,120],"flexion":[87,123],"single-mounted":[91],"IMU":[92],"above":[93],"ankle.":[95],"Optical":[96],"motion":[97],"capture":[98],"(OMC)":[99],"ten":[104,115,129],"healthy":[105],"participants":[106],"walking":[107],"on":[108,157],"treadmill":[110],"were":[111,131],"collected":[112],"create":[114],"personalized":[116,149,163,201],"models":[118,130,150,164,184,203],"right":[121],"during":[125],"gait.":[126],"An":[127],"additional":[128],"created":[132],"leave-one-out":[135,153,197],"analysis":[136,154],"test":[138],"generalisability":[140],"models.":[143],"Temporal":[144],"cross":[145],"validation":[146],"was":[155],"performed":[156],"selected":[159],"set.":[161],"The":[162,182],"achieved":[165,185],"average":[167,187],"root-mean-square":[168],"error":[169],"(RMSE)":[170],"of$2.45^{\\circ":[171],"}":[172,190],"\\pm":[173,191],"{0.65}^{\\circ":[174],"}$(${R}^{{2}}$of":[175,193],"0.98)":[176],"compared":[177],"gold-standard":[180],"OMC.":[181],"generalized":[183,226],"RMSE":[188],"of$6.77^{\\circ":[189],"{3.38}^{\\circ":[192],"0.83)":[194],"in":[195],"analysis.":[198],"Time-series":[199],"feature-based":[200],"could":[204],"be":[205],"used":[206],"accurately":[208],"by":[212],"using":[213,228],"single":[215],"sensor.":[217],"more":[219],"are":[221],"required":[222],"train":[224],"presented":[230],"method.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-21T00:00:00"}