{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366158304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","title":"Biophysical Enhancement in Fracture Healing: A Review of the Literature","display_name":"Biophysical Enhancement in Fracture Healing: A Review of the Literature","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366158304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206524","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10191239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.37704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","pdf_url":"https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/145737/20230417-19852-6kh6b9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/145737/20230417-19852-6kh6b9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012150918","display_name":"Ioannis D Aifantis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis D Aifantis","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC",". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069906920","display_name":"Margarita-Michaela Ampadiotaki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Margarita-Michaela Ampadiotaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC",". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022163757","display_name":"Dimitrios Pallis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-1283","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-1283"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Pallis","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC",". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035973672","display_name":"Konstantinos K Tsivelekas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-4280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-4280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos K Tsivelekas","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC",". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012631012","display_name":"Stamatios A Papadakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3365-9357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3365-9357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stamatios A Papadakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC",". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050478483","display_name":"Efstathios Chronopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1667-9292","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1667-9292"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150090","display_name":"KAT General Hospital of Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/04prmqc97","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efstathios Chronopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Surgery Department, Konstantopoulio General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedic Department, KAT Attica General Hospital, Athens, GRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069906920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150090"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27622842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"e37704","last_page":"e37704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10658","display_name":"Bone fractures and treatments","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10658","display_name":"Bone fractures and treatments","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10059","display_name":"Bone Tissue Engineering Materials","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-healing","display_name":"fracture healing","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysical-stimulation","display_name":"biophysical stimulation","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonunion","display_name":"nonunion","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-fields","display_name":"electromagnetic fields","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"ultrasound","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-therapy","display_name":"laser therapy","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy","display_name":"extracorporeal shock wave therapy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-stimulation","display_name":"electrical stimulation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-regeneration","display_name":"bone regeneration","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-fixation","display_name":"fracture fixation","score":0.878000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8867346048355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8337478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777289","display_name":"Bone healing","level":2,"score":0.7881262302398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.5388675928115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779915274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115882","display_name":"Extracorporeal","level":2,"score":0.46353793144226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018021831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049641","display_name":"Non union","level":2,"score":0.44558513164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68312169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216685","display_name":"Orthopedic surgery","level":2,"score":0.4106408953666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.39247825741767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2738037705421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.37704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","pdf_url":"https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/145737/20230417-19852-6kh6b9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10191239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10191239","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10191239/pdf/cureus-0015-00000037704.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37206524","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.37704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37704","pdf_url":"https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/145737/20230417-19852-6kh6b9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366158304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366158304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62308987","https://openalex.org/W115600012","https://openalex.org/W182405367","https://openalex.org/W187553757","https://openalex.org/W759565535","https://openalex.org/W1594511104","https://openalex.org/W1847973840","https://openalex.org/W1862711346","https://openalex.org/W1873480671","https://openalex.org/W1876457696","https://openalex.org/W1882183890","https://openalex.org/W1898734286","https://openalex.org/W1902122412","https://openalex.org/W1909978206","https://openalex.org/W1963416718","https://openalex.org/W1966296500","https://openalex.org/W1972382694","https://openalex.org/W1983046944","https://openalex.org/W1989852722","https://openalex.org/W1994425400","https://openalex.org/W1995312468","https://openalex.org/W1997004294","https://openalex.org/W2003405137","https://openalex.org/W2006577184","https://openalex.org/W2008102052","https://openalex.org/W2017304893","https://openalex.org/W2017761086","https://openalex.org/W2018840613","https://openalex.org/W2022302487","https://openalex.org/W2035368142","https://openalex.org/W2035647141","https://openalex.org/W2038211187","https://openalex.org/W2038775719","https://openalex.org/W2046710146","https://openalex.org/W2047294576","https://openalex.org/W2051146604","https://openalex.org/W2052144775","https://openalex.org/W2052885628","https://openalex.org/W2057738239","https://openalex.org/W2060038073","https://openalex.org/W2062630002","https://openalex.org/W2063731230","https://openalex.org/W2066624578","https://openalex.org/W2069989458","https://openalex.org/W2073285692","https://openalex.org/W2075542835","https://openalex.org/W2076074245","https://openalex.org/W2076397844","https://openalex.org/W2078207021","https://openalex.org/W2088063141","https://openalex.org/W2097771296","https://openalex.org/W2101057181","https://openalex.org/W2105585171","https://openalex.org/W2107812471","https://openalex.org/W2110949712","https://openalex.org/W2117494178","https://openalex.org/W2118675810","https://openalex.org/W2119857404","https://openalex.org/W2126299045","https://openalex.org/W2133203620","https://openalex.org/W2138314851","https://openalex.org/W2139116328","https://openalex.org/W2144421789","https://openalex.org/W2146531265","https://openalex.org/W2148488003","https://openalex.org/W2151637276","https://openalex.org/W2155695555","https://openalex.org/W2161272752","https://openalex.org/W2167275046","https://openalex.org/W2186369789","https://openalex.org/W2188082201","https://openalex.org/W2281886794","https://openalex.org/W2313810527","https://openalex.org/W2319304514","https://openalex.org/W2338571212","https://openalex.org/W2396283211","https://openalex.org/W2409732073","https://openalex.org/W2410269250","https://openalex.org/W2410697339","https://openalex.org/W2474482762","https://openalex.org/W2614351073","https://openalex.org/W3101459974","https://openalex.org/W3163785383","https://openalex.org/W4205336610","https://openalex.org/W4236515158","https://openalex.org/W4320288635","https://openalex.org/W4404357360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7140563283","https://openalex.org/W4246454624","https://openalex.org/W6986571942","https://openalex.org/W2119400189","https://openalex.org/W3207729512","https://openalex.org/W2553147459","https://openalex.org/W3153848565","https://openalex.org/W160482963","https://openalex.org/W2771987165","https://openalex.org/W2368724498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bone":[0],"healing":[1,65],"constitutes":[2],"a":[3,74],"complex":[4],"process":[5],"involving":[6],"cellular":[7],"and":[8,41,47,83,87,104,107,136,149],"pathophysiological":[9],"mechanisms.":[10],"Despite":[11],"progress":[12],"in":[13,39,63,67,78,128,138],"osteosynthesis":[14],"techniques,":[15],"fracture":[16,64],"union":[17],"continues":[18],"to":[19,34,53,61,81,120,140],"be":[20],"challenging.":[21],"In":[22,51],"some":[23],"cases,":[24],"it":[25,146],"is":[26,31,73],"not":[27],"ultimately":[28],"achieved":[29],"or":[30,69],"delayed":[32],"relative":[33],"the":[35,45,48,93,109,142],"expected":[36,144],"time":[37],"resulting":[38],"economic":[40],"social":[42],"outcomes":[43],"for":[44,114],"patient":[46],"health":[49],"system.":[50],"addition":[52],"surgical":[54],"treatment,":[55],"biophysical":[56,112],"methods":[57,124],"have":[58],"been":[59],"developed":[60],"assist":[62],"used":[66,77],"combination":[68],"individually.":[70],"Biophysical":[71,132],"stimulation":[72,113,133],"non-invasive":[75],"therapy":[76],"orthopedic":[79],"practice":[80],"increase":[82],"enhance":[84],"tissue's":[85],"reparative":[86],"anabolic":[88],"activities.":[89],"This":[90,117],"study":[91,118],"reviewed":[92],"existing":[94],"literature,":[95],"including":[96],"electromagnetic":[97],"fields,":[98],"ultrasound,":[99],"laser,":[100],"extracorporeal":[101],"shockwave":[102],"therapy,":[103],"electrical":[105],"stimulation,":[106],"revealed":[108],"efficacy":[110],"of":[111,130,145],"bone":[115],"healing.":[116],"aims":[119],"define":[121],"if":[122],"these":[123],"are":[125],"helpful,":[126],"especially":[127],"cases":[129],"non-union.":[131],"requires":[134],"care":[135],"precision":[137],"use":[139],"ensure":[141],"success":[143],"by":[147],"physicians":[148],"patients.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00"}
