{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366122016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","title":"Street-Level Bias: Examining Factors Related to Street-Level Bureaucrats\u2019 State or Citizen Favoritism","display_name":"Street-Level Bias: Examining Factors Related to Street-Level Bureaucrats\u2019 State or Citizen Favoritism","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366122016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02750740231167897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106702950","display_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","issn_l":"0275-0740","issn":["0275-0740","1552-3357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002832354","display_name":"Sagi Gershgoren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-4819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-4819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91203450","display_name":"University of Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/02f009v59","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagi Gershgoren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Administration and Policy in the School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-4819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Administration and Policy in the School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011482166","display_name":"Nissim Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91203450","display_name":"University of Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/02f009v59","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nissim Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Administration and Policy in the School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Administration and Policy in the School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"],"apc_list":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"apc_paid":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"fwci":5.2507,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95151937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","first_page":"115","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13988","display_name":"Public Administration and Governance","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/street-level-bureaucrats","display_name":"street-level bureaucrats","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/administrative-discretion","display_name":"administrative discretion","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-citizen-relations","display_name":"state-citizen relations","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/administrative-justice","display_name":"administrative justice","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-participation","display_name":"citizen participation","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-service-delivery","display_name":"public service delivery","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.666073739528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5722692608833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.5048297047615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.501328706741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780765947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531","display_name":"Administration (probate law)","level":2,"score":0.4230273365974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.40115344524383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3908306658267975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3727306127548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3383076786994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2356995940208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/02750740231167897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106702950","display_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","issn_l":"0275-0740","issn":["0275-0740","1552-3357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02750740231167897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740231167897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106702950","display_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","issn_l":"0275-0740","issn":["0275-0740","1552-3357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Review of Public Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.47999998927116394}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581964206","https://openalex.org/W1525683299","https://openalex.org/W1528060958","https://openalex.org/W1532808782","https://openalex.org/W1536174580","https://openalex.org/W1542356730","https://openalex.org/W1790237137","https://openalex.org/W1951884919","https://openalex.org/W1968011738","https://openalex.org/W1969719348","https://openalex.org/W1971457750","https://openalex.org/W1973821536","https://openalex.org/W1974155668","https://openalex.org/W1975989657","https://openalex.org/W1976626143","https://openalex.org/W1980939422","https://openalex.org/W1982129975","https://openalex.org/W1993623573","https://openalex.org/W1998134118","https://openalex.org/W2006770647","https://openalex.org/W2014939485","https://openalex.org/W2016364781","https://openalex.org/W2021104371","https://openalex.org/W2036859996","https://openalex.org/W2040934453","https://openalex.org/W2044917440","https://openalex.org/W2056125536","https://openalex.org/W2056514185","https://openalex.org/W2056756788","https://openalex.org/W2065589549","https://openalex.org/W2067620163","https://openalex.org/W2072666691","https://openalex.org/W2076022814","https://openalex.org/W2081155210","https://openalex.org/W2089339136","https://openalex.org/W2096563449","https://openalex.org/W2122887428","https://openalex.org/W2124477048","https://openalex.org/W2124704835","https://openalex.org/W2124845114","https://openalex.org/W2127554791","https://openalex.org/W2128657319","https://openalex.org/W2138339354","https://openalex.org/W2144971385","https://openalex.org/W2147602649","https://openalex.org/W2151472143","https://openalex.org/W2152781747","https://openalex.org/W2152959872","https://openalex.org/W2153681857","https://openalex.org/W2156601962","https://openalex.org/W2156734458","https://openalex.org/W2171158388","https://openalex.org/W2259542623","https://openalex.org/W2267893228","https://openalex.org/W2312925351","https://openalex.org/W2313151005","https://openalex.org/W2320057105","https://openalex.org/W2322997214","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2332440152","https://openalex.org/W2476462727","https://openalex.org/W2477060389","https://openalex.org/W2514761100","https://openalex.org/W2523801910","https://openalex.org/W2533074937","https://openalex.org/W2547563777","https://openalex.org/W2559523637","https://openalex.org/W2565529989","https://openalex.org/W2596879777","https://openalex.org/W2619680714","https://openalex.org/W2624021341","https://openalex.org/W2751718288","https://openalex.org/W2779342663","https://openalex.org/W2786358356","https://openalex.org/W2790560043","https://openalex.org/W2794017531","https://openalex.org/W2907877298","https://openalex.org/W2913992340","https://openalex.org/W2952757700","https://openalex.org/W2962975506","https://openalex.org/W2969580860","https://openalex.org/W2969852865","https://openalex.org/W2971088053","https://openalex.org/W2986127063","https://openalex.org/W2995458250","https://openalex.org/W3000982042","https://openalex.org/W3005383533","https://openalex.org/W3088388064","https://openalex.org/W3163950037","https://openalex.org/W3166672872","https://openalex.org/W3187886515","https://openalex.org/W3210744323","https://openalex.org/W4200051602","https://openalex.org/W4206356912","https://openalex.org/W4213439731","https://openalex.org/W4235051201","https://openalex.org/W4235114045","https://openalex.org/W4248883688","https://openalex.org/W4248905379","https://openalex.org/W4282961463","https://openalex.org/W4299689471","https://openalex.org/W4306836040","https://openalex.org/W4313590169","https://openalex.org/W4400999892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306836040","https://openalex.org/W4400999892","https://openalex.org/W4387538117","https://openalex.org/W4327813964","https://openalex.org/W3166208171","https://openalex.org/W4403880718","https://openalex.org/W3201517090","https://openalex.org/W3132342549","https://openalex.org/W3040127723","https://openalex.org/W4413399897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Administration":[0],"of":[1,7,12,19,61,71],"street-level":[2,46,52,78,114,144],"bureaucrats":[3,53,79],"requires":[4],"prior":[5],"knowledge":[6],"what":[8,23],"affects":[9],"their":[10,25,122],"use":[11,137],"discretion.":[13],"However,":[14],"there":[15],"is":[16],"a":[17,55,108],"lack":[18],"understanding":[20],"as":[21,68],"to":[22,132,142],"influences":[24],"decision-making":[26],"when":[27,81],"choosing":[28],"between":[29,84,110],"claims":[30],"made":[31,93],"by":[32,36,65,97],"the":[33,45,49,69,105],"state":[34,88,119],"or":[35],"its":[37],"citizens.":[38],"Without":[39],"such":[40,134],"knowledge,":[41],"public":[42,62],"administration":[43],"at":[44],"can":[47,136],"sustain":[48],"perception":[50],"that":[51,128],"have":[54],"state-preference":[56],"bias,":[57],"lowering":[58],"citizens\u2019":[59],"view":[60],"service":[63],"delivery":[64],"those":[66],"perceived":[67],"face":[70],"governance.":[72],"This":[73],"study":[74],"focuses":[75],"on":[76],"decisions":[77],"make":[80],"resolving":[82],"disputes":[83],"citizens":[85],"and":[86,118],"other":[87],"officials.":[89],"Using":[90],"real-world":[91],"resolutions":[92],"over":[94],"three":[95],"decades":[96],"lower-court":[98],"judges":[99],"in":[100,121],"Israeli":[101],"civil":[102],"tax":[103],"disputes,":[104],"findings":[106,125],"reveal":[107],"link":[109],"factors":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"bureaucrats\u2019":[115,145],"common":[116],"characteristics":[117],"favoritism":[120],"resolutions.":[123],"The":[124],"also":[126],"imply":[127],"policymakers":[129],"who":[130],"want":[131],"mitigate":[133],"outcomes":[135],"citizen":[138],"administrative":[139],"participation-based":[140],"influencers":[141],"promote":[143],"pro-citizen":[146],"tendencies.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00"}