{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366089074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","title":"YOLOv5s-T: A Lightweight Small Object Detection Method for Wheat Spikelet Counting","display_name":"YOLOv5s-T: A Lightweight Small Object Detection Method for Wheat Spikelet Counting","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366089074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture13040872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/872/pdf?version=1681698485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/872/pdf?version=1681698485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028231355","display_name":"Lei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-4427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-4427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","Henan Grain Crop Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-4427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Grain Crop Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiayue Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayue Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035136778","display_name":"Yuanbo Dang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanbo Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087435947","display_name":"Shaoqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-5299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-5299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103101402","display_name":"Xiaoyun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-8982","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-8982"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053742810","display_name":"Lei Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5564-9953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5564-9953","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1932-9432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","Henan Grain Crop Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Grain Crop Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370597","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1232-5128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1232-5128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4750791","display_name":"Henan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq83d71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100370597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4750791"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"fwci":3.0466,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91193708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"872","last_page":"872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheat-yield-estimation","display_name":"wheat yield estimation","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-object-detection","display_name":"lightweight object detection","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-size-reduction","display_name":"model size reduction","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpu-memory-reduction","display_name":"GPU memory reduction","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-latency-reduction","display_name":"inference latency reduction","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6344501972198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992211155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Grain yield","level":2,"score":0.5513784289360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5120072960853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4320055842399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3990585207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36941128969192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3459584712982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3449561595916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32844722270965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31419500708580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.27674436569213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12059658765792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture13040872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/872/pdf?version=1681698485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:4:p:872-:d:1124313","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/872/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:515f5bc333b9428cb21360b7fe486acb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/515f5bc333b9428cb21360b7fe486acb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 872 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture13040872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040872","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/872/pdf?version=1681698485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.991100013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1467805609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222301420113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2093591657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222300420463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6106943062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31501225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366089074.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366089074.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1931379781","https://openalex.org/W1986072339","https://openalex.org/W2014847057","https://openalex.org/W2069144346","https://openalex.org/W2093902012","https://openalex.org/W2364528593","https://openalex.org/W2586062600","https://openalex.org/W2616262716","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2767103329","https://openalex.org/W2805142011","https://openalex.org/W2885015040","https://openalex.org/W2901871634","https://openalex.org/W2908993980","https://openalex.org/W2909746507","https://openalex.org/W2912215456","https://openalex.org/W2932062063","https://openalex.org/W2950628590","https://openalex.org/W2960041439","https://openalex.org/W2996110747","https://openalex.org/W3002262829","https://openalex.org/W3017320199","https://openalex.org/W3020828471","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3085201316","https://openalex.org/W3092577554","https://openalex.org/W3107312747","https://openalex.org/W3109237515","https://openalex.org/W3119341740","https://openalex.org/W3122173535","https://openalex.org/W3129635925","https://openalex.org/W3150095517","https://openalex.org/W3171891302","https://openalex.org/W3173399583","https://openalex.org/W3185379701","https://openalex.org/W4205456581","https://openalex.org/W4212965978","https://openalex.org/W4246965267","https://openalex.org/W4281707986","https://openalex.org/W4308568230","https://openalex.org/W4311174277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223253185","https://openalex.org/W4414782040","https://openalex.org/W4304110168","https://openalex.org/W4404853418","https://openalex.org/W7164861776","https://openalex.org/W4382867100","https://openalex.org/W4384204497","https://openalex.org/W4402313387","https://openalex.org/W7124935114","https://openalex.org/W4415881706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Utilizing":[0],"image":[1,34],"data":[2],"for":[3,87,92,99,208],"yield":[4,26,216],"estimation":[5,27],"is":[6],"a":[7,42,57],"key":[8],"topic":[9],"in":[10,28,47,105,212],"modern":[11],"agriculture.":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"addresses":[15],"the":[16,48,71,77,88,93,100,113,123,127,138,148,153,161,169,178,190,206],"difficulty":[17],"of":[18,54,73,82,132],"counting":[19,130,202,211],"wheat":[20,29,32,45,83,209,215],"spikelets":[21,84],"using":[22],"images,":[23],"to":[24],"improve":[25],"fields.":[30],"A":[31],"spikelet":[33,128,210],"dataset":[35],"was":[36,64,85,110,119,134,141,156,164,172,181],"constructed":[37],"with":[38,122],"images":[39],"obtained":[40],"by":[41,143,158,166,174],"smartphone,":[43],"including":[44],"ears":[46],"flowering,":[49],"filling,":[50],"and":[51,79,97,112,177,193,201],"mature":[52,101],"stages":[53,109],"reproduction.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"modified":[58],"lightweight":[59],"object":[60],"detection":[61,129,200],"method,":[62],"YOLOv5s-T,":[63],"incorporated.":[65],"The":[66,103,184],"experimental":[67],"results":[68],"show":[69],"that":[70],"coefficient":[72],"determination":[74],"(R2)":[75],"between":[76],"predicted":[78],"true":[80],"values":[81],"0.97":[86],"flowering":[89],"stage,":[90,96],"0.85":[91],"grain":[94],"filling":[95],"0.78":[98],"stage.":[102],"R2":[104],"all":[106],"three":[107],"fertility":[108],"0.87,":[111],"root":[114],"mean":[115],"square":[116],"error":[117],"(RMSE)":[118],"0.70.":[120],"Compared":[121],"original":[124],"YOLOv5s":[125],"algorithm,":[126],"effect":[131],"YOLOv5s-T":[133,186],"not":[135],"reduced.":[136,183],"Meanwhile,":[137],"model":[139,191],"size":[140,192],"reduced":[142,157,165,173],"36.8%":[144],"(only":[145],"9.1":[146],"M),":[147],"GPU":[149],"memory":[150],"usage":[151],"during":[152],"training":[154],"process":[155],"0.82":[159],"GB,":[160],"inference":[162],"time":[163,171],"2.3":[167],"ms,":[168,176],"processing":[170],"10":[175],"calculation":[179],"amount":[180],"also":[182],"proposed":[185],"algorithm":[187],"significantly":[188],"reduces":[189],"hardware":[194],"resource":[195],"requirements":[196],"while":[197],"guaranteeing":[198],"high":[199],"accuracy,":[203],"which":[204],"indicates":[205],"potential":[207],"highly":[213],"responsive":[214],"estimation.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00"}
