{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4363672910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","title":"A comparison of staff presence and signage on zoo visitor behavior","display_name":"A comparison of staff presence and signage on zoo visitor behavior","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4363672910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37038243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/zoo.21766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32366842","display_name":"Zoo Biology","issn_l":"0733-3188","issn":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zoo Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031473886","display_name":"Claudia Tay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-0295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-0295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156076","display_name":"Mandai Wildlife Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05pczfw42","country_code":"SG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore","School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-0295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065550283","display_name":"Todd Jason McWhorter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-4975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-4975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd J. McWhorter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-4975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065194909","display_name":"Shangzhe Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-5261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-5261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156076","display_name":"Mandai Wildlife Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05pczfw42","country_code":"SG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangzhe Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore","School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008280665","display_name":"Tiara Sophia Binte Mohd Nasir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156076","display_name":"Mandai Wildlife Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05pczfw42","country_code":"SG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiara Sophia Binte Mohd Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052044642","display_name":"Borja Reh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-9076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-9076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155777","display_name":"European Association of Zoos and Aquaria","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6sy638","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155777"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borja Reh","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-9076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080405582","display_name":"Eduardo Jose Fernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-6604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-6604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo J. Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-6604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031473886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156076","https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"fwci":20.1059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99047546,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"3","first_page":"407","last_page":"415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11462","display_name":"Museums and Cultural Heritage","score":0.8076000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11462","display_name":"Museums and Cultural Heritage","score":0.8076000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.11949999630451202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13435","display_name":"Animal and Plant Science Education","score":0.030300000682473183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signage","display_name":"signage","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-feeding","display_name":"animal feeding","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoo-animal-welfare","display_name":"zoo animal welfare","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114938261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211272","display_name":"Signage","level":2,"score":0.9959419965744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.9285776615142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.47679638862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41952091455459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.2744782269001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19360491633415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15007466077804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10557693243026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003258","descriptor_name":"Consumer Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012927","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Informal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/zoo.21766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32366842","display_name":"Zoo Biology","issn_l":"0733-3188","issn":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zoo Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37038243","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37038243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zoo biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/141423","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440/141423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/zoo.21766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32366842","display_name":"Zoo Biology","issn_l":"0733-3188","issn":["0733-3188","1098-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zoo Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160583832","https://openalex.org/W937819918","https://openalex.org/W1509457533","https://openalex.org/W1839204225","https://openalex.org/W1963920093","https://openalex.org/W1964717622","https://openalex.org/W1965345044","https://openalex.org/W1995623980","https://openalex.org/W2009022063","https://openalex.org/W2025612604","https://openalex.org/W2031168079","https://openalex.org/W2047038404","https://openalex.org/W2050569077","https://openalex.org/W2058763955","https://openalex.org/W2058798262","https://openalex.org/W2107719436","https://openalex.org/W2130901336","https://openalex.org/W2138759757","https://openalex.org/W2143282577","https://openalex.org/W2143708165","https://openalex.org/W2146043602","https://openalex.org/W2168902862","https://openalex.org/W2172838461","https://openalex.org/W2312634410","https://openalex.org/W2561265045","https://openalex.org/W2852293942","https://openalex.org/W2899928124","https://openalex.org/W2902657057","https://openalex.org/W2947005408","https://openalex.org/W2951256062","https://openalex.org/W2957392190","https://openalex.org/W3091866815","https://openalex.org/W3144779167","https://openalex.org/W3209025756","https://openalex.org/W3211103981","https://openalex.org/W4386772652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899928124","https://openalex.org/W314835085","https://openalex.org/W7001273326","https://openalex.org/W4385985249","https://openalex.org/W2076091438","https://openalex.org/W3209025756","https://openalex.org/W4379260591","https://openalex.org/W2595399296","https://openalex.org/W3006812422","https://openalex.org/W2561265045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"zoos":[1,221],"favor":[2],"the":[3,65,101,132,143,156,212],"use":[4],"of":[5,23,67,98,103,214],"signage":[6,39,116,149,167,198,216],"to":[7,56,71,123,222],"encourage":[8,220],"learning":[9],"and":[10,30,62,91,100,117,120,126,134,145,164,166,185,227],"positive":[11],"visitor":[12,105,206],"experiences":[13],"as":[14,16],"well":[15],"discourage":[17],"negative":[18,58,104,182,186],"behaviors":[19,59,106,110,184,188],"by":[20],"visitors":[21,44,51,99],"because":[22],"its":[24],"simplicity,":[25],"relatively":[26],"low":[27,31],"maintenance":[28],"needed,":[29],"cost.":[32],"However,":[33,148],"current":[34],"literature":[35],"suggests":[36],"that":[37,50,194],"conventional":[38],"has":[40],"limited":[41],"impact":[42],"on":[43,225],"in":[45,64,180],"zoos.":[46],"This":[47,176,208],"study":[48,74,209],"hypothesized":[49],"would":[52],"be":[53,200],"less":[54],"likely":[55],"exhibit":[57],"(e.g.,":[60],"feeding":[61],"touching)":[63],"presence":[66],"uniformed":[68],"staff":[69,165,174],"compared":[70],"signage.":[72],"The":[73,95,191],"was":[75,162,177],"conducted":[76],"twice":[77],"a":[78],"day":[79],"over":[80],"4":[81],"weeks":[82],"with":[83],"one":[84],"condition":[85],"per":[86],"week":[87],"(Baseline,":[88],"Signage,":[89],"Staff,":[90],"Signage":[92,135,146],"+":[93,129,136],"Staff).":[94,130],"total":[96],"number":[97],"frequency":[102],"were":[107,139],"observed.":[108],"These":[109],"reduced":[111],"from":[112,155,173,189],"14.0%":[113],"(Baseline;":[114],"no":[115,118,160],"staff)":[119],"13.1%":[121],"(Signage),":[122],"4.8%":[124],"(Staff)":[125],"6.1%":[127],"(Signage":[128],"Both":[131],"Staff":[133,137],"conditions":[138],"significantly":[140,153,171],"lower":[141],"than":[142,197],"Baseline":[144],"conditions.":[147],"alone":[150],"did":[151,169],"not":[152,170],"differ":[154,172],"baseline":[157],"condition,":[158],"when":[159],"intervention":[161],"implemented,":[163],"together":[168],"alone.":[175],"also":[178],"observed":[179],"both":[181],"visual":[183],"tactile":[187],"visitors.":[190],"results":[192],"suggest":[193],"methods":[195],"other":[196,229],"may":[199],"more":[201],"effective":[202],"at":[203],"reducing":[204],"undesired":[205],"behaviors.":[207],"could":[210],"guide":[211],"design":[213],"future":[215],"or":[217],"even":[218],"potentially":[219],"reduce":[223],"reliance":[224],"signs":[226],"employ":[228],"strategies.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-04-11T00:00:00"}