{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362654063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","title":"The Ethics of Mandatory Exoskeleton Use in Commercial and Industrial Settings","display_name":"The Ethics of Mandatory Exoskeleton Use in Commercial and Industrial Settings","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362654063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208950","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","issn_l":"2637-6415","issn":["2637-6415"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/ad217288-a819-4fac-80ea-90cc64119de3/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049869333","display_name":"Timothy R. Pote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-7811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-7811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy R. Pote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-7811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050915221","display_name":"Nicole V. Asbeck","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole V. Asbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018289474","display_name":"Alan T. Asbeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-7797","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-7797"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan T. Asbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-7797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94250478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"302","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3700999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3700999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.36739999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.13979999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-exoskeleton","display_name":"wearable exoskeleton","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-ethics","display_name":"workplace ethics","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-injury-prevention","display_name":"occupational injury prevention","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-privacy","display_name":"employee privacy","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-preferences","display_name":"employee preferences","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-transfer","display_name":"employee transfer","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-workers","display_name":"industrial workers","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.963308572769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775884135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845436","display_name":"Mandate","level":2,"score":0.6203927397727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.555287778377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48929139971733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4498351216316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4216480851173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.36607617139816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3654613494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3160337805747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29214033484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18594297766685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15689042210578918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.1322403848171234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08209392428398132}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2023.3264807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208950","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","issn_l":"2637-6415","issn":["2637-6415"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/114474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/114474","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/ad217288-a819-4fac-80ea-90cc64119de3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article - Refereed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/114474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/114474","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/ad217288-a819-4fac-80ea-90cc64119de3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article - Refereed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7113530944","display_name":"PFI:BIC Affordable Flexible Robotic Technology to Enhance Work Performance of Farmers with Mobility Restrictions","funder_award_id":"1718801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362654063.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362654063.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15489993","https://openalex.org/W1819104005","https://openalex.org/W1970704650","https://openalex.org/W1985246099","https://openalex.org/W1991244509","https://openalex.org/W2009156684","https://openalex.org/W2013633018","https://openalex.org/W2035752179","https://openalex.org/W2038582178","https://openalex.org/W2057160780","https://openalex.org/W2082041762","https://openalex.org/W2104475635","https://openalex.org/W2109159655","https://openalex.org/W2112130993","https://openalex.org/W2132006082","https://openalex.org/W2140344281","https://openalex.org/W2151232217","https://openalex.org/W2154630542","https://openalex.org/W2170277191","https://openalex.org/W2196056879","https://openalex.org/W2247634750","https://openalex.org/W2293100307","https://openalex.org/W2305487638","https://openalex.org/W2470075069","https://openalex.org/W2513987686","https://openalex.org/W2560158845","https://openalex.org/W2593419883","https://openalex.org/W2595406237","https://openalex.org/W2746267421","https://openalex.org/W2775316896","https://openalex.org/W2804631511","https://openalex.org/W2807119323","https://openalex.org/W2808777777","https://openalex.org/W2889562875","https://openalex.org/W2899795528","https://openalex.org/W2904975744","https://openalex.org/W2913419068","https://openalex.org/W2918922468","https://openalex.org/W2919681907","https://openalex.org/W2942692510","https://openalex.org/W2946691091","https://openalex.org/W2966000894","https://openalex.org/W2972361704","https://openalex.org/W2995615656","https://openalex.org/W3000121304","https://openalex.org/W3000319560","https://openalex.org/W3004766031","https://openalex.org/W3034003852","https://openalex.org/W3041613461","https://openalex.org/W3090874472","https://openalex.org/W3090965164","https://openalex.org/W3099011048","https://openalex.org/W3116409808","https://openalex.org/W3119595949","https://openalex.org/W4206317662","https://openalex.org/W4247352202","https://openalex.org/W4253431512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7138110081","https://openalex.org/W4400777495","https://openalex.org/W7124707779","https://openalex.org/W2528314024","https://openalex.org/W2293100307","https://openalex.org/W3207064735","https://openalex.org/W2996243891","https://openalex.org/W4407254684","https://openalex.org/W4223558580","https://openalex.org/W4310487374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"shows":[1],"exoskeletons":[2,45,76,104,107,126],"can":[3],"reduce":[4],"muscle":[5],"activity":[6],"and":[7,24,67,92,145,168,206],"decrease":[8],"the":[9,42,64,106,155,162,169],"risk":[10],"of":[11,44,49,158,161,165,176,186,204,226],"injury":[12],"for":[13,173],"workers.":[14],"Exoskeletons,":[15],"therefore,":[16],"are":[17,72,215],"becoming":[18],"more":[19],"prevalent":[20],"in":[21,27],"industrial":[22],"workplaces,":[23],"their":[25,53,120],"use":[26,43,103,153,198],"some":[28],"circumstances":[29],"has":[30],"already":[31],"been":[32],"mandated.":[33],"It":[34],"is":[35],"probable":[36],"that":[37,102],"additional":[38,134],"employers":[39,60],"will":[40],"mandate":[41],"as":[46],"a":[47,184],"means":[48],"mitigating":[50],"injuries":[51],"to":[52,74,118,129,132,150,210],"employees.":[54],"This":[55],"presents":[56],"ethical":[57,147,190],"concerns":[58],"because":[59],"hold":[61],"power":[62],"over":[63],"employees":[65,70,97],"wages":[66],"employment.":[68],"Some":[69],"who":[71],"required":[73],"wear":[75],"may":[77,84,228],"not":[78,85,109,116],"be":[79,94,98,127],"able":[80],"to,":[81],"while":[82],"others":[83],"wish":[86,117],"to.":[87],"How":[88],"should":[89],"workers":[90,131,209],"privacy":[91],"preferences":[93],"weighted?":[95],"Should":[96,123],"prohibited":[99],"from":[100],"jobs":[101,212],"if":[105,113,213],"do":[108,115],"fit":[110],"them":[111],"or":[112],"they":[114,214],"disclose":[119],"bodys":[121],"measurements?":[122],"companies":[124],"using":[125],"permitted":[128],"require":[130],"perform":[133],"work":[135],"with":[136,219],"an":[137],"exoskeleton?":[138],"In":[139],"this":[140],"paper,":[141],"we":[142],"examine":[143],"these":[144],"other":[146],"considerations":[148],"related":[149],"mandatory":[151,197],"exoskeleton":[152,221],"through":[154],"Six":[156],"Pillars":[157],"Character":[159],"framework":[160,178],"Josephson":[163],"Institute":[164],"Ethics":[166,177],"(2002)":[167],"Universal":[170],"Moral":[171],"Values":[172],"Corporate":[174],"Codes":[175],"by":[179],"Schwartz":[180],"(2005).":[181],"We":[182],"provide":[183],"discussion":[185],"possible":[187],"solutions":[188],"following":[189],"tenets,":[191],"including":[192],"executing":[193],"pilot":[194],"studies":[195],"before":[196],"policies,":[199],"offering":[200],"several":[201],"self-adjustable":[202],"models":[203],"exoskeletons,":[205],"allowing":[207],"existing":[208],"transfer":[211],"ill":[216],"at":[217],"ease":[218],"new":[220],"policies.":[222],"The":[223],"best":[224],"course":[225],"action":[227],"depend":[229],"on":[230],"specific":[231],"individual":[232],"circumstances.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-04-07T00:00:00"}
