{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362598413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.00487","title":"The Effect of Counterfactuals on Reading Chest X-rays","display_name":"The Effect of Counterfactuals on Reading Chest X-rays","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362598413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.00487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2304.00487","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.00487","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.00487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.00487","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005297246","display_name":"Joseph Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-3059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-3059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cohen, Joseph Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","Stanford University Department of Radiology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Department of Radiology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035948739","display_name":"Rupert Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-7770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-7770"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brooks, Rupert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006028215","display_name":"Sovann En","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125787","display_name":"Nuance Communications (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0311h6702","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125787"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"En, Sovann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuance Communications ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuance Communications ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056076241","display_name":"Evan James Zucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-6322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-6322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zucker, Evan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","Stanford University Department of Radiology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Department of Radiology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060928641","display_name":"Anuj Pareek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-3685","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-3685"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pareek, Anuj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","Stanford University Department of Radiology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Department of Radiology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038969629","display_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-9034"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lungren, Matthew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064829377","display_name":"Akshay Sanjay Chaudhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaudhari, Akshay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","Stanford University Department of Radiology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Department of Radiology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-explanations","display_name":"counterfactual explanations","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chest-x-ray","display_name":"chest radiography","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiographic-interpretation","display_name":"radiographic interpretation","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiologist-confidence","display_name":"radiologist confidence","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-results","display_name":"false positives","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-detection","display_name":"mass detection","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9237502813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.7263281941413879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.579985499382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.46841779351234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4367482662200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.427212119102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.41205090284347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4029325544834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.390977144241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3813399374485016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3389362096786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2157425582408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20320957899093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1485390067100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11414441466331482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2304.00487","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.00487","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.00487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.00487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.00487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.00487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2304.00487","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.00487","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.00487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362598413.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362598413.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164330567","https://openalex.org/W3023497337","https://openalex.org/W4405220551","https://openalex.org/W4313936361","https://openalex.org/W4415287405","https://openalex.org/W4224310874","https://openalex.org/W4365601458","https://openalex.org/W4225150645","https://openalex.org/W4401691885","https://openalex.org/W2981174525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,18],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,9,32,44,104,115],"effect":[4],"of":[5,11,43,108],"counterfactual":[6,63,70],"explanations":[7,71],"on":[8],"interpretation":[10],"chest":[12,24],"X-rays.":[13],"We":[14,102],"conduct":[15],"a":[16,38,62,73,92],"reader":[17],"with":[19,61,88,90,100],"two":[20],"radiologists":[21],"assessing":[22],"240":[23],"X-ray":[25],"predictions":[26,45,82,98],"to":[27,75,84,113,118],"rate":[28],"their":[29],"confidence":[30,78],"that":[31,69],"model's":[33],"prediction":[34,50,106],"is":[35,51],"correct":[36],"using":[37,55],"5":[39],"point":[40],"scale.":[41],"Half":[42],"are":[46],"false":[47,96],"positives.":[48],"Each":[49],"explained":[52],"twice,":[53],"once":[54,60],"traditional":[56,85],"attribution":[57],"methods":[58],"and":[59,110],"explanation.":[64],"The":[65],"overall":[66],"results":[67],"indicate":[68],"allow":[72],"radiologist":[74],"have":[76],"more":[77],"in":[79,95],"true":[80],"positive":[81,97],"compared":[83,117],"approaches":[86],"(0.15$\\pm$0.95":[87],"p=0.01)":[89],"only":[91],"small":[93],"increase":[94],"(0.04$\\pm$1.06":[99],"p=0.57).":[101],"observe":[103],"specific":[105],"tasks":[107],"Mass":[109],"Atelectasis":[111],"appear":[112],"benefit":[114],"most":[116],"other":[119],"tasks.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-04-06T00:00:00"}
