{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362467704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","title":"Establishing the Approach of Norm Balance toward Intention Prediction across Six Behaviors under the Theory of Planned Behavior","display_name":"Establishing the Approach of Norm Balance toward Intention Prediction across Six Behaviors under the Theory of Planned Behavior","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362467704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37104073","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10144231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmacy11020067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/11/2/67/pdf?version=1680828749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228566","display_name":"Pharmacy","issn_l":"2226-4787","issn":["2226-4787"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/11/2/67/pdf?version=1680828749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020577279","display_name":"Yifei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-8706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-8706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75421653","display_name":"University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City","ror":"https://ror.org/01w0d5g70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-8706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076440455","display_name":"Karen B. Farris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-3009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-3009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen B. Farris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073761424","display_name":"Dhananjay Nayakankuppam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-3566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-3566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhananjay Nayakankuppam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marketing, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marketing, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045051268","display_name":"William R. Doucette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-7861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-7861"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Doucette","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-7861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020577279"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"fwci":0.7744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73172744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"67","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-planned-behavior","display_name":"theory of planned behavior","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subjective-norms","display_name":"subjective norms","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-identity","display_name":"self-identity","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-fat-diet","display_name":"low-fat diet","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-intention","display_name":"exercise intention","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-attire","display_name":"business attire","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacy-residency","display_name":"pharmacy residency","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-business-students","display_name":"undergraduate business students","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacy-students","display_name":"pharmacy students","score":0.9700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89785696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2290753","display_name":"Theory of planned behavior","level":3,"score":0.8061257600784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7698421478271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5359025597572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4945492446422577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.460604727268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4265184700489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.327278733253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17538315057754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.17171233892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmacy11020067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/11/2/67/pdf?version=1680828749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228566","display_name":"Pharmacy","issn_l":"2226-4787","issn":["2226-4787"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10144231","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10144231","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10144231/pdf/pharmacy-11-00067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:37104073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37104073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12996d0c3fe74c9e8b68630f4e917c66","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12996d0c3fe74c9e8b68630f4e917c66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 67 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmacy11020067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020067","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/11/2/67/pdf?version=1680828749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228566","display_name":"Pharmacy","issn_l":"2226-4787","issn":["2226-4787"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362467704.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362467704.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541719647","https://openalex.org/W1964034617","https://openalex.org/W1974957079","https://openalex.org/W1981414384","https://openalex.org/W1984524053","https://openalex.org/W1990555992","https://openalex.org/W2012084278","https://openalex.org/W2019864986","https://openalex.org/W2028979812","https://openalex.org/W2036969276","https://openalex.org/W2046825178","https://openalex.org/W2069692886","https://openalex.org/W2075072883","https://openalex.org/W2088135512","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2099653211","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2143240312","https://openalex.org/W2152520342","https://openalex.org/W2152647430","https://openalex.org/W2156321944","https://openalex.org/W2319213145","https://openalex.org/W2333870484","https://openalex.org/W2335204083","https://openalex.org/W2949788920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990555992","https://openalex.org/W3081599431","https://openalex.org/W1999430669","https://openalex.org/W7043459627","https://openalex.org/W2939024496","https://openalex.org/W2099179734","https://openalex.org/W2908430216","https://openalex.org/W2010512215","https://openalex.org/W2155453269","https://openalex.org/W2150300239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"An":[1],"innovative":[2],"approach":[3,238],"of":[4,12,22,31,37,45,55,65,122,143,167,239,251],"Norm":[5,56,158,192,199,222,229,240],"Balance":[6,57,159,193,200,223,230,241],"is":[7,25,39],"proposed":[8,237],"under":[9],"the":[10,19,28,34,42,53,153,157,174,187,190,198,217,220,228,247],"Theory":[11],"Planned":[13],"Behavior":[14],"(TPB).":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"approach,":[18],"measurement":[20,35],"score":[21,36],"subjective":[23,180,210,252],"norm":[24,181,211,253],"weighted":[26,40],"by":[27,41,128,173],"relative":[29,43,120],"importance":[30,44,121],"others,":[32],"and":[33,92,114,139,147,156,212,249,254],"self-identity":[38,183,213,255],"self.":[46],"The":[47,119,162,170,236],"study":[48,130],"objective":[49],"was":[50,126,177,184,195],"to":[51,58,132],"examine":[52],"effect":[54],"predict":[59],"behavioral":[60],"intentions":[61,151],"in":[62,73,186,197,216,227],"two":[63,74,175,221],"groups":[64],"college":[66],"students.":[67],"Methods:":[68],"Cross-sectional":[69],"surveys":[70],"were":[71,145,214,225],"used":[72],"studies.":[75],"For":[76,95],"153":[77],"business":[78],"undergraduates,":[79],"Study":[80,99],"1":[81],"examined":[82,101],"three":[83,102],"common":[84],"intentions:":[85,104],"eating":[86,204],"a":[87,116,205,243],"low-fat":[88,206],"diet,":[89],"exercising":[90],"regularly,":[91],"dressing":[93],"business-like.":[94],"176":[96],"PharmD":[97],"students,":[98],"2":[100],"pharmacy-related":[103],"informing":[105],"relatives":[106],"about":[107,246],"counterfeit":[108],"medications,":[109],"buying":[110],"prescription":[111],"medications":[112],"online,":[113],"completing":[115],"pharmacy":[117],"residency.":[118],"others":[123,138],"vs.":[124],"self":[125],"measured":[127],"asking":[129],"subjects":[131],"allocate":[133],"10":[134],"points":[135],"between":[136],"important":[137],"oneself.":[140],"Two":[141],"sets":[142],"regressions":[144,164],"conducted":[146],"compared":[148],"across":[149],"six":[150],"using":[152],"traditional":[154,188,218],"model":[155,231],"model.":[160],"Results:":[161],"12":[163],"explained":[165,172],"59\u201377%":[166],"intention":[168,257],"variance.":[169],"variance":[171],"models":[176],"similar.":[178],"When":[179,208],"or":[182],"non-significant":[185],"model,":[189,201,219],"corresponding":[191],"component":[194],"significant":[196,215,226],"except":[202],"for":[203],"diet.":[207],"both":[209],"components":[224],"with":[232],"increased":[233],"coefficients.":[234],"Conclusions:":[235],"provides":[242],"different":[244],"view":[245],"significance":[248],"coefficients":[250],"toward":[256],"prediction.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2023-04-05T00:00:00"}
