{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361290732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","title":"Analgesic Effect of Buprenorphine for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","display_name":"Analgesic Effect of Buprenorphine for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361290732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36988663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104698359","display_name":"Anesthesia & Analgesia","issn_l":"0003-2999","issn":["0003-2999","1526-7598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035685563","display_name":"Stanley Sau Ching Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-5687","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-5687"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stanley Sau Ching Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046965997","display_name":"Tak Hon Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-0717","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-0717"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tak Hon Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052865472","display_name":"Fengfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-4527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-4527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fengfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102376093","display_name":"Timmy Chi Wing Chan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timmy Chi Wing Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054327179","display_name":"Hung Chak Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-3504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-3504","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-6554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hung Chak Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102917372","display_name":"Chi Wai Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-1659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-1659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chi Wai Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035685563","https://openalex.org/A5046965997","https://openalex.org/A5052865472","https://openalex.org/A5054327179","https://openalex.org/A5102376093","https://openalex.org/A5102917372"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85746778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"137","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.7211999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.7211999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.24779999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buprenorphine","display_name":"buprenorphine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-non-cancer-pain","display_name":"chronic non-cancer pain","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analgesic-efficacy","display_name":"analgesic efficacy","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-analgesics","display_name":"opioid analgesics","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-low-back-pain","display_name":"chronic low back pain","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transdermal-buprenorphine","display_name":"transdermal buprenorphine","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-intensity","display_name":"pain intensity","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-effects","display_name":"adverse effects","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-depression","display_name":"respiratory depression","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euphoria","display_name":"euphoria","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceiling-effect","display_name":"ceiling effect","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-duration","display_name":"treatment duration","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9356345534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778949969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407721","display_name":"Buprenorphine","level":4,"score":0.9288886785507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780820201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173235","display_name":"Analgesic","level":2,"score":0.7317013740539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.691290020942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.6452873349189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.5901316404342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5628172159194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.5205444097518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.47117453813552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.4427972137928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779418921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639178","display_name":"Opioid use disorder","level":4,"score":0.42230546474456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.32235369086265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.23251056671142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.05984601378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002047","descriptor_name":"Buprenorphine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009293","descriptor_name":"Opioid-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011957","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Opioid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017116","descriptor_name":"Low Back Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059350","descriptor_name":"Chronic Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059350","descriptor_name":"Chronic Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059350","descriptor_name":"Chronic Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104698359","display_name":"Anesthesia & Analgesia","issn_l":"0003-2999","issn":["0003-2999","1526-7598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36988663","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36988663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia and analgesia","raw_type":"Meta-Analysis"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1697003432","https://openalex.org/W1945344898","https://openalex.org/W1951897616","https://openalex.org/W1963486716","https://openalex.org/W1973438788","https://openalex.org/W1977024854","https://openalex.org/W1981885001","https://openalex.org/W1989870292","https://openalex.org/W2002790433","https://openalex.org/W2006659485","https://openalex.org/W2007493107","https://openalex.org/W2018596562","https://openalex.org/W2024940322","https://openalex.org/W2048689068","https://openalex.org/W2064895148","https://openalex.org/W2067175073","https://openalex.org/W2079646634","https://openalex.org/W2094882675","https://openalex.org/W2096716094","https://openalex.org/W2098923148","https://openalex.org/W2104675861","https://openalex.org/W2107026277","https://openalex.org/W2121230434","https://openalex.org/W2122130641","https://openalex.org/W2129710997","https://openalex.org/W2131135594","https://openalex.org/W2160131914","https://openalex.org/W2161169589","https://openalex.org/W2162638563","https://openalex.org/W2206916717","https://openalex.org/W2239181492","https://openalex.org/W2282679090","https://openalex.org/W2319078267","https://openalex.org/W2441901899","https://openalex.org/W2473063847","https://openalex.org/W2494308878","https://openalex.org/W2613115665","https://openalex.org/W2753496734","https://openalex.org/W2759225126","https://openalex.org/W2775415787","https://openalex.org/W2800248901","https://openalex.org/W2883188098","https://openalex.org/W2886018025","https://openalex.org/W2898561048","https://openalex.org/W2905788968","https://openalex.org/W2915166019","https://openalex.org/W2918686840","https://openalex.org/W2920592781","https://openalex.org/W2942022930","https://openalex.org/W2994972733","https://openalex.org/W2999420193","https://openalex.org/W3004185853","https://openalex.org/W3008630140","https://openalex.org/W3012261821","https://openalex.org/W3017753604","https://openalex.org/W3025122002","https://openalex.org/W3098931362","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3183802533","https://openalex.org/W4211119836","https://openalex.org/W6683871227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380872191","https://openalex.org/W3017753604","https://openalex.org/W2994972733","https://openalex.org/W2895399429","https://openalex.org/W4400840467","https://openalex.org/W4396938010","https://openalex.org/W1598567895","https://openalex.org/W2166604380","https://openalex.org/W2779659497","https://openalex.org/W7027332891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Buprenorphine":[1,32,233,359],"is":[2],"a":[3,60,363],"partial":[4],"agonist":[5],"at":[6,13,28],"the":[7,14,29,73,89,141,158,186,216,288,298,376],"\u00b5-opioid":[8,30],"receptor":[9],"and":[10,16,24,46,67,88,133,146,192,206,320,366,378],"an":[11,122],"antagonist":[12],"delta":[15],"kappa":[17],"opioid":[18,62,208],"receptors.":[19],"It":[20,48],"has":[21],"high":[22],"affinity":[23],"low":[25,276,355,393],"intrinsic":[26],"activity":[27],"receptor.":[31],"demonstrates":[33,41],"no":[34,337],"ceiling":[35],"effect":[36,159],"for":[37,43,78,203,219,229,274,391],"clinical":[38],"analgesia,":[39],"but":[40],"this":[42],"respiratory":[44],"depression":[45],"euphoria.":[47],"may":[49],"provide":[50],"effective":[51],"analgesia":[52],"while":[53],"producing":[54],"less":[55],"adverse":[56],"effects,":[57],"making":[58],"it":[59],"promising":[61],"analgesic.":[63,255],"A":[64,149],"systematic":[65],"review":[66],"meta-analysis":[68],"were":[69,92,101,135,201,227],"performed":[70,140],"to":[71,95,251,342,356,373],"examine":[72],"analgesic":[74,111,344],"efficacy":[75],"of":[76,160,181,188,264,309,322,352],"buprenorphine":[77,106,161,265],"patients":[79,113,166,204],"with":[80,114,167,205,221,236,307,362],"chronic":[81,115,168,275,392],"noncancer":[82,116,169],"pain.":[83,395],"METHODS:":[84],"PubMed,":[85],"MEDLNE,":[86],"Embase,":[87],"Cochrane":[90],"Library":[91],"searched":[93],"up":[94],"January":[96],"2022.":[97],"Randomized":[98],"controlled":[99,125,225],"trials":[100,226],"included":[102,228],"if":[103],"they":[104],"compared":[105,250,341,372],"versus":[107,266],"placebo":[108,252,267],"or":[109,253,327],"active":[110,254,343],"in":[112,165,177,262,369],"pain,":[117],"where":[118],"pain":[119,163,170,178,238,278,370,382],"score":[120,239],"was":[121,152,157,183,234,336,354,360,385],"outcome.":[123],"Nonrandomized":[124],"trials,":[126],"observational":[127],"studies,":[128,130],"qualitative":[129],"case":[131],"reports,":[132],"commentaries":[134],"excluded.":[136],"Two":[137,197],"investigators":[138],"independently":[139],"literature":[142,199],"search,":[143],"study":[144,214],"selection,":[145],"data":[147],"collection.":[148],"random-effects":[150],"model":[151],"used.":[153],"The":[154],"primary":[155],"outcome":[156],"on":[162,172],"intensity":[164,371],"based":[171],"standardized":[173],"mean":[174],"difference":[175,339],"(SMD)":[176],"score.":[179],"Quality":[180,351],"evidence":[182,353,387],"assessed":[184],"using":[185],"Grade":[187],"Recommendations":[189],"Assessment,":[190],"Development,":[191],"Evaluation":[193],"(GRADE)":[194],"approach.":[195],"RESULTS:":[196],"separate":[198],"searches":[200],"conducted":[202],"without":[207,231],"use":[209,390],"disorder":[210],"(OUD).":[211],"Only":[212],"one":[213],"met":[215],"search":[217],"criteria":[218],"those":[220,230],"OUD.":[222,232],"Fourteen":[223],"randomized":[224],"associated":[235,361],"reduced":[237],"(SMD":[240,268,279,291,301,314,329,345],"=":[241,248,269,280,292,295,302,315,330,346],"-0.368,":[242],"P":[243,271,282,294,304,317,332,348],"<":[244,272,283,305,318,333],".001,":[245],"I":[246],"2":[247],"89.37%)":[249],"Subgroup":[256],"meta-analyses":[257],"showed":[258],"statistically":[259,364],"significant":[260,338,365],"differences":[261],"favor":[263],"-0.404,":[270],".001),":[273,284,296,306],"back":[277,394],"-0.383,":[281],"when":[285,340],"administered":[286],"via":[287,297],"transdermal":[289,377],"route":[290,300],"-0.572,":[293],"buccal":[299,379],"-0.453,":[303],"length":[308,321],"follow-up":[310,323],"lasting":[311,324],"<12":[312],"weeks":[313,326],"-0.848,":[316],".05),":[319],"12":[325],"more":[328,386],"-0.415,":[331],".001).":[334],"There":[335,384],"0.045,":[347],">":[349],".05).":[350],"moderate.":[357],"CONCLUSIONS:":[358],"small":[367],"reduction":[368],"placebo.":[374],"Both":[375],"routes":[380],"provided":[381],"relief.":[383],"supporting":[388],"its":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-03-31T00:00:00"}
