{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361270337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","title":"Modeling Theories of Women's Underrepresentation in Elections","display_name":"Modeling Theories of Women's Underrepresentation in Elections","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361270337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/ajps.12785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ajps.12785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90314269","display_name":"American Journal of Political Science","issn_l":"0092-5853","issn":["0092-5853","1540-5907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ajps.12785","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046133414","display_name":"Scott Ashworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-0598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-0598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Ashworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009139212","display_name":"Christopher R. Berry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-9183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-9183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher R. Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056063783","display_name":"Ethan Bueno de Mesquita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-4565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-4565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Bueno de Mesquita","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago","[email protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[email protected]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056063783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"apc_paid":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"fwci":8.4711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9807673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":"289","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underrepresentation-of-women","display_name":"underrepresentation of women","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-candidates","display_name":"women candidates","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-discrimination","display_name":"voter discrimination","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-seats","display_name":"open seats","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-performance","display_name":"candidate performance","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-discontinuity-design","display_name":"regression discontinuity design","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-elections","display_name":"United States elections","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38935604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363","display_name":"Stylized fact","level":2,"score":0.9214208722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.8993136882781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66912227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138712","display_name":"Regression discontinuity design","level":2,"score":0.7554261684417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.45181185007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910734998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25305118","display_name":"Underrepresented Minority","level":2,"score":0.42190349102020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3880327045917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3863116204738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.373515784740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3710745573043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29199954867362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.15712738037109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1414772868156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1254274845123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1252637505531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.08479347825050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.060911476612091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/ajps.12785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ajps.12785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90314269","display_name":"American Journal of Political Science","issn_l":"0092-5853","issn":["0092-5853","1540-5907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uchicago.tind.io:5685","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/5685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402460","display_name":"Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/5685","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.6082/gtktf-xz534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6082/gtktf-xz534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6082/gtktf-xz534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053018","display_name":"University of Chicago","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.6082/mxq23-2w377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6082/mxq23-2w377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6082/mxq23-2w377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053018","display_name":"University of Chicago","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/ajps.12785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12785","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ajps.12785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90314269","display_name":"American Journal of Political Science","issn_l":"0092-5853","issn":["0092-5853","1540-5907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361270337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361270337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1800722477","https://openalex.org/W1965500734","https://openalex.org/W1971326480","https://openalex.org/W1984725929","https://openalex.org/W1985265189","https://openalex.org/W1992240294","https://openalex.org/W1995284211","https://openalex.org/W2022590791","https://openalex.org/W2098857180","https://openalex.org/W2100500916","https://openalex.org/W2102468974","https://openalex.org/W2120195647","https://openalex.org/W2128928577","https://openalex.org/W2131102736","https://openalex.org/W2134875212","https://openalex.org/W2138314996","https://openalex.org/W2139819760","https://openalex.org/W2168001754","https://openalex.org/W2170793548","https://openalex.org/W2267248457","https://openalex.org/W2287751111","https://openalex.org/W2307206019","https://openalex.org/W2335298503","https://openalex.org/W2502688118","https://openalex.org/W2511657365","https://openalex.org/W2535741930","https://openalex.org/W2738926344","https://openalex.org/W2799839329","https://openalex.org/W2808883329","https://openalex.org/W2809121811","https://openalex.org/W2905672435","https://openalex.org/W2968337687","https://openalex.org/W3023885277","https://openalex.org/W3104436532","https://openalex.org/W3123997958","https://openalex.org/W3124016754","https://openalex.org/W3156796326","https://openalex.org/W3183989721","https://openalex.org/W3199356094","https://openalex.org/W3201763008","https://openalex.org/W4205860792","https://openalex.org/W4211258329","https://openalex.org/W4235466979","https://openalex.org/W4253998897","https://openalex.org/W4301681021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592976549","https://openalex.org/W4283832971","https://openalex.org/W4254290060","https://openalex.org/W1800722477","https://openalex.org/W2073346773","https://openalex.org/W2055574359","https://openalex.org/W4404915928","https://openalex.org/W3043007560","https://openalex.org/W2039059700","https://openalex.org/W6902683353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Research":[1],"on":[2],"women":[3],"candidates":[4],"in":[5,27,60],"American":[6],"elections":[7],"uncovers":[8],"four":[9],"key":[10],"facts:":[11],"Women":[12,45],"(i)":[13],"are":[14,19,46],"underrepresented":[15,20],"among":[16,21],"candidates,":[17],"(ii)":[18],"office":[22],"holders,":[23],"(iii)":[24],"perform":[25],"better":[26],"office,":[28],"and":[29,99],"(iv)":[30],"win":[31],"open":[32],"seats":[33],"at":[34,66,90],"equal":[35],"rates":[36],"to":[37,49,54,77,105],"men.":[38],"Scholars":[39],"offer":[40],"two":[41],"types":[42],"of":[43],"explanations:":[44],"less":[47],"willing":[48],"run":[50,78],"than":[51],"men,":[52],"due":[53],"differential":[55],"costs":[56],"or":[57,63,121],"a":[58,127],"gap":[59],"self\u2010perceived":[61],"qualification,":[62],"voters":[64],"discriminate":[65],"the":[67,80,86,91,95,106,109,132],"ballot":[68,92],"box.":[69],"We":[70,124],"formally":[71],"model":[72],"these":[73],"mechanisms.":[74],"Lower":[75],"willingness":[76],"predicts":[79,94],"first":[81,96],"three":[82,97],"facts":[83,98,112],"but":[84],"not":[85],"fourth.":[87,107],"Voter":[88],"discrimination":[89],"box":[93],"creates":[100],"competing":[101],"effects":[102],"with":[103],"respect":[104],"Thus,":[108],"major":[110],"stylized":[111],"cannot":[113],"be":[114],"explained":[115],"without":[116],"voter":[117],"discrimination,":[118],"whether":[119,126],"overt":[120],"more":[122],"subtle.":[123],"explore":[125],"close\u2010election":[128],"regression":[129],"discontinuity":[130],"distinguishes":[131],"mechanisms;":[133],"surprisingly,":[134],"it":[135],"does":[136],"not.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-03-31T00:00:00"}