{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361209855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","title":"Mackinder's \u201cheartland\u201d \u2013 legitimation of US foreign policy in World War II and the Cold War of the 1950s","display_name":"Mackinder's \u201cheartland\u201d \u2013 legitimation of US foreign policy in World War II and the Cold War of the 1950s","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361209855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","pdf_url":"https://gh.copernicus.org/articles/78/183/2023/gh-78-183-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184459","display_name":"Geographica Helvetica","issn_l":"0016-7312","issn":["0016-7312","2194-8798"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geographica Helvetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://gh.copernicus.org/articles/78/183/2023/gh-78-183-2023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000688029","display_name":"Oliver Krause","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0211-6843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0211-6843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136838","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography","ror":"https://ror.org/02wt6e634","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210136838"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Krause","raw_affiliation_strings":["formerly at: Department for Theory, Methods and History of Geography, Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography,  04299 Leipzig, Germany","independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0211-6843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"formerly at: Department for Theory, Methods and History of Geography, Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography,  04299 Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136838"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000688029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136838"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0475,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87337696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"1","first_page":"183","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/halford-mackinder","display_name":"Halford Mackinder","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartland-theory","display_name":"Heartland theory","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-haushofer","display_name":"Karl Haushofer","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitics","display_name":"geopolitics","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-foreign-policy","display_name":"US foreign policy","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-ii","display_name":"World War II","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war","display_name":"Cold War","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-narratives","display_name":"strategic narratives","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1940s-and-1950s","display_name":"1940s-1950s","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23189370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180774","display_name":"Dystopia","level":2,"score":0.8074934482574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.6591063141822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776845398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366139","display_name":"Legitimation","level":3,"score":0.6281786561012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779708316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901402","display_name":"Geographer","level":2,"score":0.5162058472633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48758333921432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.4771430194377899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93377909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181648","display_name":"Foreign policy","level":3,"score":0.4679357409477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.46601513028144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.4455212950706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.390155166387558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38753753900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.32272398471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.28220605850219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.27546706795692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.22456738352775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20963096618652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1768331229686737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08937439322471619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","pdf_url":"https://gh.copernicus.org/articles/78/183/2023/gh-78-183-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184459","display_name":"Geographica Helvetica","issn_l":"0016-7312","issn":["0016-7312","2194-8798"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geographica Helvetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ff6c2ab91524b929b7aee7b5f447237","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ff6c2ab91524b929b7aee7b5f447237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geographica Helvetica, Vol 78, Pp 183-197 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-183-2023","pdf_url":"https://gh.copernicus.org/articles/78/183/2023/gh-78-183-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184459","display_name":"Geographica Helvetica","issn_l":"0016-7312","issn":["0016-7312","2194-8798"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geographica Helvetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7238279060","display_name":"Travelling imaginations \u2013 Rezeption, Adaption und Popularisierung der HeartlandTheorie Halford J. Mackinders","funder_award_id":"433575562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361209855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361209855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514157810","https://openalex.org/W1522500727","https://openalex.org/W1561747266","https://openalex.org/W1584367051","https://openalex.org/W1993466208","https://openalex.org/W2015006622","https://openalex.org/W2025542934","https://openalex.org/W2067002511","https://openalex.org/W2152286717","https://openalex.org/W2320377983","https://openalex.org/W2324217352","https://openalex.org/W2326212555","https://openalex.org/W2328227275","https://openalex.org/W2345095417","https://openalex.org/W2488440535","https://openalex.org/W2789955963","https://openalex.org/W2797083229","https://openalex.org/W2804041880","https://openalex.org/W3001821209","https://openalex.org/W4237839529","https://openalex.org/W4241317635","https://openalex.org/W4289257796","https://openalex.org/W4301151388","https://openalex.org/W6823999279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394958211","https://openalex.org/W2052628149","https://openalex.org/W3025849192","https://openalex.org/W4253826927","https://openalex.org/W2082659023","https://openalex.org/W4403994996","https://openalex.org/W2005183041","https://openalex.org/W2972867294","https://openalex.org/W629111230","https://openalex.org/W2484749831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"The":[1,17,39,157],"British":[2],"geographer":[3],"Halford":[4],"J.":[5],"Mackinder":[6,184],"developed":[7,19,41],"two":[8,109],"different":[9],"concepts":[10,100,148],"of":[11,63,94,107,118,152,159,161,167,190,206,211,215],"a":[12,69,111,132,234],"dystopian":[13,61],"new":[14],"global":[15],"order.":[16,156],"first,":[18],"in":[20,36,42,52,81,85,88,96,104,123,245],"1904":[21],"and":[22,49,55,121,125,182,200,227,249],"known":[23],"as":[24,110,149,233],"the":[25,37,46,56,60,64,86,89,92,97,105,108,126,128,138,150,162,165,176,180,188,191,198,204,209,212,216,222,228,238,251],"pivot":[26,65],"area":[27,66],"concept,":[28],"was":[29,44,50],"adopted":[30,51,230],"by":[31,195],"German":[32,73],"geopolitician":[33],"Karl":[34],"Haushofer":[35,58],"1920s.":[38],"second,":[40],"1919,":[43],"named":[45],"heartland":[47],"theory":[48,163,199,231],"Great":[53],"Britain":[54],"USA.":[57],"reversed":[59],"vision":[62],"concept":[67,71],"into":[68,169],"utopian":[70],"for":[72,237],"world":[74,155],"power.":[75],"Due":[76],"to":[77,172,203],"Haushofer's":[78],"adaptation,":[79],"interest":[80],"Mackinder's":[82],"theories":[83],"rose":[84],"USA":[87],"1940s.":[90],"Within":[91],"process":[93,117],"adaptation":[95,122],"USA,":[98,127],"both":[99],"were":[101],"intertwined,":[102],"resulting":[103],"perception":[106],"monolithic":[112],"bloc.":[113],"Through":[114],"this":[115],"multi-layered":[116],"intercontinental":[119],"reception":[120],"Germany":[124],"term":[129],"\u201cheartland\u201d":[130,226],"became":[131],"generic":[133,223],"spatial":[134,224],"denomination":[135,225],"detached":[136],"from":[137],"geographical":[139],"region":[140],"it":[141,202],"originally":[142],"prescribed,":[143],"integrable":[144],"with":[145],"various":[146],"geopolitical":[147,235],"centre":[151],"an":[153],"imagined":[154],"reduction":[158],"complexity":[160],"through":[164],"translation":[166],"text":[168],"maps":[170],"led":[171],"its":[173],"popularization":[174],"among":[175],"US":[177,242],"public":[178],"during":[179,250],"1940s":[181],"1950s.":[183],"himself":[185],"laid":[186],"out":[187],"flexibility":[189],"theory's":[192],"interpretive":[193],"possibilities":[194],"reflexively":[196],"revising":[197],"adapting":[201],"history":[205],"events":[207],"over":[208],"course":[210],"first":[213],"half":[214],"20th":[217],"century":[218],"itself.":[219],"In":[220],"consequence,":[221],"associated":[229],"served":[232],"argument":[236],"strategic":[239],"narrative":[240],"legitimizing":[241],"foreign":[243],"policy":[244],"World":[246],"War":[247],"II":[248],"Cold":[252],"War.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-06T09:10:53.072986","created_date":"2023-03-31T00:00:00"}
