{"id":"https://openalex.org/W435393241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","title":"The Founding of American Colleges and Universities before the Civil War","display_name":"The Founding of American Colleges and Universities before the Civil War","publication_year":1932,"publication_date":"1932-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W435393241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","mag":"435393241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146813203400205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015028572785","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033536623","display_name":"Donald G. Tewksbury","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tewksbury, Donald George,    1894-","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033536623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0136316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13570","display_name":"Historical Education Studies Worldwide","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13570","display_name":"Historical Education Studies Worldwide","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14480","display_name":"Historical Education and Society","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-higher-education","display_name":"higher education history","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-universities","display_name":"American universities","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-civil-war-era","display_name":"pre-Civil War era","score":0.6729999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.7049911022186279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151719136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943","display_name":"Publishing","level":2,"score":0.5332633256912231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5308725833892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.5161967873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5133494734764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3530902862548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3513297736644745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.34036484360694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3206250071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2773181200027466}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146813203400205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/016146813203400233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813203400233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74847328","display_name":"Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education","issn_l":"0040-0475","issn":["0040-0475","0161-4681","1467-9620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:quod.lib.umich.edu:MIU01-001642601","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015028572785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064297","display_name":"University of Michigan Library Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:quod.lib.umich.edu:MIU01-001642601","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015028572785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064297","display_name":"University of Michigan Library Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321416061","https://openalex.org/W2328256063","https://openalex.org/W4403258096","https://openalex.org/W1575279121","https://openalex.org/W4210442847","https://openalex.org/W4210414697","https://openalex.org/W3100455220","https://openalex.org/W4210651125","https://openalex.org/W4298929894","https://openalex.org/W4301479347"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}