{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4353073774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","title":"Indoor Occupancy Sensing via Networked Nodes (2012\u20132022): A Review","display_name":"Indoor Occupancy Sensing via Networked Nodes (2012\u20132022): A Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4353073774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15030116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/3/116/pdf?version=1679463773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/3/116/pdf?version=1679463773","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023376880","display_name":"Muhammad Emad-Ud-Din","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-5538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-5538"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Emad-Ud-Din","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-5538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341470","display_name":"Ya Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-4638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-4638","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7329-3817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ya Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100341470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1779},"fwci":0.5777,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57155461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"116","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.2362000048160553,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.2362000048160553,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.19210000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.1550000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-infrared-sensor","display_name":"passive infrared sensor","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy-detection","display_name":"occupancy detection","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"sensor fusion","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-and-safety","display_name":"health and safety","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupant-comfort","display_name":"occupant comfort","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-failure-tolerance","display_name":"sensor failure tolerance","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.9205573201179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.825158953666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.692024827003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6496832370758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5519819855690002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5003194808959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4673968255519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780502288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28838156","display_name":"Expansive","level":3,"score":0.4472157955169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4246354103088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39264246821403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3497750163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2715594470500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24431511759757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11983123421669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15030116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/3/116/pdf?version=1679463773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:116-:d:1103794","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/3/116/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5558071379e940d2b40f514cf0c425a4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5558071379e940d2b40f514cf0c425a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 116 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1962937","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1962937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi15030116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15030116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/3/116/pdf?version=1679463773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1116597845","display_name":"CAREER: Understanding Dynamics of Ultra-small Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Brain for Neuron Regeneration Therapies","funder_award_id":"1851635","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1820025026","display_name":"TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY: NEW SENSOR AWARD.\n\nCONTROL NUMBER: 1737-1539\nTITLE: ''SLEEPIR\u2013SYNCHRONIZED LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONICALLY-CHOPPED PIR SENSOR FOR OCCUPANCY DETECTION''\n\nTEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY WILL DESIGN SLEEPIR, AN ADVANCED, LOW-COST OCCUPANCY ENERGY SOLUTION FOR RESIDENTIAL HOMES. AN INDUSTRY-STANDARD PYROELECTRIC INFRARED SENSOR (PIR) IS MODIFIED WITH AN OPTICAL CHOPPER TO ALLOW THE DETECTION OF BOTH STATIONARY AND MOVING INDIVIDUALS. THE PROJECT\u2019S GOAL IS TO OBTAIN A 30% ENERGY SAVINGS BY A COMBINED PROGRAM OF OCCUPANCY DETECTION, NIGHTTIME SETBACK, AND OCCUPANT DAILY PATTERN RECOGNITION.\n\n----------","funder_award_id":"DEAR0000945","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4247968149","display_name":"GCR: Programmable Nanorobots Integration with Magnetically-Driven Neuron and Brain Tissue Regeneration","funder_award_id":"2021081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7811849951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI 1851635","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8404313022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS 2021081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4353073774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4353073774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98545936","https://openalex.org/W1969509777","https://openalex.org/W1983127943","https://openalex.org/W2073359355","https://openalex.org/W2145836135","https://openalex.org/W2145970879","https://openalex.org/W2164432277","https://openalex.org/W2171526582","https://openalex.org/W2295018867","https://openalex.org/W2512669562","https://openalex.org/W2574334566","https://openalex.org/W2753362299","https://openalex.org/W2766525663","https://openalex.org/W2774654477","https://openalex.org/W2795362263","https://openalex.org/W2896931588","https://openalex.org/W2904195467","https://openalex.org/W2919748712","https://openalex.org/W2945745652","https://openalex.org/W2954828948","https://openalex.org/W2964243645","https://openalex.org/W2974414133","https://openalex.org/W2975726176","https://openalex.org/W3008835316","https://openalex.org/W3018792469","https://openalex.org/W3035040013","https://openalex.org/W3093054803","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W3098071563","https://openalex.org/W3111895728","https://openalex.org/W3128530033","https://openalex.org/W3149535884","https://openalex.org/W3178160966","https://openalex.org/W3183889199","https://openalex.org/W3187373940","https://openalex.org/W3197891388","https://openalex.org/W3202300143","https://openalex.org/W4205278720","https://openalex.org/W4205856586","https://openalex.org/W4206254443","https://openalex.org/W4206901499","https://openalex.org/W4220969192","https://openalex.org/W4284887499","https://openalex.org/W4287855180","https://openalex.org/W4289515924","https://openalex.org/W4292166922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6991795462","https://openalex.org/W4385863271","https://openalex.org/W4280654091","https://openalex.org/W2974414133","https://openalex.org/W2108074835","https://openalex.org/W2242966379","https://openalex.org/W130272424","https://openalex.org/W2088149698","https://openalex.org/W4391770727","https://openalex.org/W4206901499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,20,66,133,158,169,175,197,235,238],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"different":[4],"sensing":[5,215],"mechanisms":[6],"and":[7,108,122,126,143,164,226],"algorithms":[8,166],"have":[9],"been":[10],"developed":[11],"to":[12,29,53,70,77,189,241],"detect":[13,78],"or":[14,110],"estimate":[15,190],"indoor":[16,79],"occupancy.":[17,191],"One":[18],"of":[19,135,160,187,237,245],"most":[21],"recent":[22],"advancements":[23],"is":[24,172],"using":[25],"networked":[26,74,202,212],"sensor":[27,60,75,120,203],"nodes":[28,76,188],"create":[30],"a":[31,54,94,145,178,184,208,242],"more":[32,45],"comprehensive":[33],"occupancy":[34,100,136,180,198,214,227],"detection":[35,101,128,137],"system":[36,55,102],"where":[37],"multiple":[38],"sensors":[39],"can":[40],"identify":[41],"human":[42],"presence":[43],"within":[44],"expansive":[46],"areas":[47,247],"while":[48],"delivering":[49],"enhanced":[50],"accuracy":[51],"compared":[52,87],"that":[56,72,92,177],"relies":[57],"on":[58,82,89,174,196],"stand-alone":[59],"nodes.":[61,204],"The":[62],"present":[63],"work":[64],"reviews":[65],"studies":[67],"from":[68],"2012":[69],"2022":[71],"use":[73],"occupancy,":[80],"focusing":[81],"PIR-based":[83],"sensors.":[84],"Methods":[85],"are":[86],"based":[88],"pivotal":[90],"ADPs":[91],"play":[93],"significant":[95],"role":[96],"in":[97,168],"selecting":[98],"an":[99],"for":[103,201],"applications":[104],"such":[105],"as":[106],"Health":[107],"Safety":[109],"occupant":[111],"comfort.":[112],"These":[113],"parameters":[114],"include":[115],"accuracy,":[116],"information":[117],"requirement,":[118],"maximum":[119],"failure":[121],"minimum":[123],"observation":[124],"rate,":[125],"feasible":[127],"area.":[129],"We":[130],"briefly":[131],"describe":[132],"overview":[134],"criteria":[138],"used":[139],"by":[140,248],"each":[141],"study":[142],"introduce":[144],"metric":[146,156],"called":[147],"\u201csensor":[148],"node":[149],"deployment":[150],"density\u201d":[151],"through":[152],"our":[153],"analysis.":[154],"This":[155,192,230],"captures":[157],"strength":[159],"network-level":[161,222],"data":[162,219],"filtering":[163],"fusion":[165,220],"found":[167],"literature.":[170],"It":[171,205],"hinged":[173],"fact":[176],"robust":[179],"estimation":[181,199,228],"algorithm":[182],"requires":[183],"minimal":[185],"number":[186],"review":[193,231],"only":[194],"focuses":[195],"models":[200],"thus":[206,232],"provides":[207],"standardized":[209],"insight":[210],"into":[211],"nodes\u2019":[213],"pipelines,":[216],"which":[217],"employ":[218],"strategies,":[221],"machine":[223],"learning":[224],"algorithms,":[225],"algorithms.":[229],"helps":[233],"determine":[234],"suitability":[236],"reviewed":[239],"methods":[240],"standard":[243],"set":[244],"application":[246],"analyzing":[249],"their":[250],"gaps.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-03-23T00:00:00"}