{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324130893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","title":"Trees on Farms Provide Both Wood Value and Conservation Value in a Tropical Forest System: A Case Study from Western Kenya","display_name":"Trees on Farms Provide Both Wood Value and Conservation Value in a Tropical Forest System: A Case Study from Western Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324130893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rsee3040017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675017","display_name":"Regional science and environmental economics","issn_l":"3042-4658","issn":["3042-4658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Regional Science and Environmental Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018177815","display_name":"Anton Espira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-4298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-4298"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Espira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","Eco2Librium Corporation;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036931775","display_name":"Christopher Amutabi Kefa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kefa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","Eco2Librium Corporation;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-4846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095932043","display_name":"Carmen A Burkett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen A. Burkett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA","Eco2Librium Corporation;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3992-356X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161419331","display_name":"Mark Lung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Lung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","University of North Texas, Advanced Environmental Research Institute;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eco2Librium Corporation, Kakamega 50100, Kenya","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Advanced Environmental Research Institute;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006625420","display_name":"Andrew J. Gregory","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-3236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-3236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-3236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006625420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"17","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12630","display_name":"African Botany and Ecology Studies","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12630","display_name":"African Botany and Ecology Studies","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14050","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation","score":0.2919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.06400000303983688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"agroforestry","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trees-on-farms","display_name":"trees on farms","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-species-diversity","display_name":"tree species diversity","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-value","display_name":"conservation value","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-forests","display_name":"tropical forests","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landscape-scale-biodiversity","display_name":"landscape-scale biodiversity","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exotic-tree-species","display_name":"exotic tree species","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-landscapes","display_name":"anthropogenic landscapes","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-kenya","display_name":"Western Kenya","score":0.7829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.801921010017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.7595410346984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157005057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220212","display_name":"Monoculture","level":2,"score":0.7303895950317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5690263509750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.5177154541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.47823065519332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.47784850001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.35453981161117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.3279370963573456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.31506839394569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.15832167863845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1324124038219452}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rsee3040017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675017","display_name":"Regional science and environmental economics","issn_l":"3042-4658","issn":["3042-4658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Regional Science and Environmental Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0247.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202303.0247.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202303.0247.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202303.0247/v1/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rsee3040017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee3040017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675017","display_name":"Regional science and environmental economics","issn_l":"3042-4658","issn":["3042-4658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Regional Science and Environmental Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327331","display_name":"National Commission for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gm1wq32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324130893.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324130893.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265342630","https://openalex.org/W275898890","https://openalex.org/W1553965197","https://openalex.org/W1782850044","https://openalex.org/W1965633067","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1986716388","https://openalex.org/W1992138980","https://openalex.org/W1996627098","https://openalex.org/W2008084624","https://openalex.org/W2014882023","https://openalex.org/W2047119599","https://openalex.org/W2048304650","https://openalex.org/W2056818789","https://openalex.org/W2058471952","https://openalex.org/W2074395147","https://openalex.org/W2082879841","https://openalex.org/W2084863124","https://openalex.org/W2086600453","https://openalex.org/W2091096239","https://openalex.org/W2105691566","https://openalex.org/W2122868198","https://openalex.org/W2133613984","https://openalex.org/W2161524226","https://openalex.org/W2189577751","https://openalex.org/W2199295904","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2548628684","https://openalex.org/W2557966871","https://openalex.org/W2561794872","https://openalex.org/W2606898067","https://openalex.org/W2775249777","https://openalex.org/W2909566906","https://openalex.org/W2986574354","https://openalex.org/W3127283108","https://openalex.org/W4253608261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037944412","https://openalex.org/W2488538590","https://openalex.org/W2739939032","https://openalex.org/W6911965277","https://openalex.org/W2058471952","https://openalex.org/W4320893522","https://openalex.org/W2725721760","https://openalex.org/W7099652322","https://openalex.org/W1994370682","https://openalex.org/W1488239165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"false":[1],"perception":[2,185],"that":[3,41,153],"preserving":[4],"tropical":[5,72],"rainforests":[6],"must":[7,180],"come":[8],"at":[9],"the":[10,106,142,157,163],"expense":[11],"of":[12,110,144,186,192],"local":[13,24],"community":[14],"need":[15],"creates":[16],"an":[17],"unnecessary":[18],"dilemma":[19],"for":[20,48,148,156],"conservation.":[21],"In":[22,61],"fact,":[23],"communities":[25],"frequently":[26],"balance":[27],"subsistence":[28],"needs":[29],"with":[30],"ecosystem":[31],"integrity.":[32],"Agroforestry,":[33],"both":[34],"cultural":[35],"and":[36,46,55,75,105,108,113,128,141,189],"contemporary,":[37],"is":[38],"one":[39],"system":[40,74],"can":[42,81],"simultaneously":[43],"enhance":[44],"biodiversity":[45,104,176,199],"provide":[47,82],"human":[49],"needs,":[50],"but":[51],"interactions":[52],"between":[53,102,137],"social":[54],"natural":[56],"dimensions":[57],"are":[58],"relatively":[59],"undescribed.":[60],"this":[62],"study,":[63],"we":[64],"explore":[65],"whether":[66],"agroforestry":[67,93,168,172],"practices":[68],"in":[69,78],"a":[70,121],"moist":[71],"forest":[73,164],"their":[76,190],"surroundings":[77],"western":[79],"Kenya":[80],"timber/fuelwood":[83,111],"value":[84,188],"to":[85,183,194],"smallholder":[86],"farmers":[87],"while":[88],"promoting":[89],"biodiversity.":[90],"We":[91,124],"described":[92],"attributes":[94,119],"on":[95,120,167],"farms":[96,173],"around":[97],"Kakamega":[98],"Forest,":[99],"assessed":[100],"relationships":[101,115],"tree":[103,117,139,187],"number":[107,143],"biomass":[109],"trees,":[112],"explored":[114],"among":[116],"diversity":[118,140],"landscape":[122],"scale.":[123],"recorded":[125],"58":[126],"forest-":[127],"66":[129],"farm-tree":[130],"species.":[131],"There":[132],"was":[133],"no":[134],"significant":[135],"relationship":[136],"overall":[138],"farm":[145],"trees":[146],"used":[147],"timber/fuelwood.":[149],"Complementarity":[150],"analyses":[151],"suggest":[152],"conservation":[154,200],"outcomes":[155],"region":[158],"cannot":[159],"occur":[160],"without":[161],"including":[162],"species":[165,193],"found":[166],"farms.":[169],"Therefore,":[170],"as":[171],"support":[174],"regional":[175,198],"conservation,":[177],"increased":[178],"recognition":[179],"be":[181],"given":[182],"farmers\u2019":[184],"selection":[191],"maintain":[195],"when":[196],"devising":[197],"targets.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2023-03-15T00:00:00"}