{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323565327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","title":"Analyses of Sulfur and Iron in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood: The Case of Polyethylene-Glycol-Treated Yenikap\u0131 12 Shipwreck","display_name":"Analyses of Sulfur and Iron in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood: The Case of Polyethylene-Glycol-Treated Yenikap\u0131 12 Shipwreck","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323565327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f14030530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/530/pdf?version=1678256934","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/530/pdf?version=1678256934","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082795778","display_name":"Asl\u0131 G\u00f6k\u00e7e K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-6979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-6979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asl\u0131 G\u00f6k\u00e7e K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museology Department, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34134 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-6979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museology Department, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34134 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030713443","display_name":"Nam\u0131k K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-6916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-6916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam\u0131k K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34134 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-6916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34134 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078945114","display_name":"Donna C. Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-5790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-5790"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna C. Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Division of Natural Sciences Canterbury, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-5790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Division of Natural Sciences Canterbury, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082795778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"fwci":6.5348,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95986366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"530","last_page":"530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.44119998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.44119998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.3174000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12981","display_name":"Conservation Techniques and Studies","score":0.22859999537467957,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterlogged-archaeological-wood","display_name":"waterlogged archaeological wood","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyethylene-glycol-treatment","display_name":"polyethylene glycol treatment","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-sulfate","display_name":"iron sulfate","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oak","display_name":"oak","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walnut","display_name":"Juglans regia","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hornbeam","display_name":"hornbeam","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-freeze-drying","display_name":"vacuum freeze-drying","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storage-conditions","display_name":"storage conditions","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-archaeology","display_name":"maritime archaeology","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wood-conservation","display_name":"wood conservation","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518881349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682","display_name":"Sulfur","level":2,"score":0.6654443144798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776964284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410083","display_name":"Polyethylene glycol","level":2,"score":0.6348429322242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160892712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559","display_name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6169676184654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143429","display_name":"Polyethylene","level":2,"score":0.5239049196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779218259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2453469","display_name":"Juglans","level":2,"score":0.4953864812850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54400483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1793202","display_name":"PEG ratio","level":2,"score":0.48379796743392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775929177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411168","display_name":"Jarosite","level":2,"score":0.4630022346973419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.37819039821624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.36594292521476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3585965037345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3579643964767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3410760760307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32847222685813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.16457507014274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12085098028182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10961329936981201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09703737497329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.05917420983314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/f14030530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/530/pdf?version=1678256934","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:100511","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530>)","pdf_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/100511/1/Arnold_Analyses%20of%20Sulfur%20and%20Iron%20PDF.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f14030530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/530/pdf?version=1678256934","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323565327.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323565327.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144741538","https://openalex.org/W1580455639","https://openalex.org/W1820729329","https://openalex.org/W1966762043","https://openalex.org/W1998494150","https://openalex.org/W2016838744","https://openalex.org/W2030121824","https://openalex.org/W2051114284","https://openalex.org/W2054291861","https://openalex.org/W2073090698","https://openalex.org/W2099044038","https://openalex.org/W2107270146","https://openalex.org/W2133465914","https://openalex.org/W2146564174","https://openalex.org/W2159718181","https://openalex.org/W2164703957","https://openalex.org/W2550886797","https://openalex.org/W2610739700","https://openalex.org/W2887517824","https://openalex.org/W2941179210","https://openalex.org/W2944033768","https://openalex.org/W2992266588","https://openalex.org/W3007597560","https://openalex.org/W3008788121","https://openalex.org/W3127266285","https://openalex.org/W3142284121","https://openalex.org/W3169801372","https://openalex.org/W3198005528","https://openalex.org/W4200511726","https://openalex.org/W4281477380","https://openalex.org/W4311940393","https://openalex.org/W6770775872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408174186","https://openalex.org/W3167432996","https://openalex.org/W4384661493","https://openalex.org/W4288259514","https://openalex.org/W4399129801","https://openalex.org/W2074608694","https://openalex.org/W3162569281","https://openalex.org/W4408011547","https://openalex.org/W4311940393","https://openalex.org/W7201833871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,126],"Yenikap\u0131":[1],"(YK)":[2],"12":[3,77,86,187],"shipwreck":[4,63],"is":[5],"1":[6],"of":[7,27,41,61,75,128,136,166,175,185],"37":[8],"shipwrecks":[9,177],"found":[10],"at":[11],"Yenikap\u0131,":[12],"Istanbul.":[13],"This":[14],"merchantman":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"dated":[18],"to":[19,87,180],"AD":[20],"672\u2013876":[21],"by":[22],"radiocarbon":[23],"analyses.":[24],"conservation":[26],"YK":[28,76,85,186],"12,":[29],"which":[30],"was":[31,36,55],"assembled":[32],"with":[33,38,106],"iron":[34,92,142],"nails,":[35],"completed":[37],"the":[39,62,73,89,133,164,171,182],"pre-impregnation":[40],"polyethylene":[42],"glycol":[43],"(PEG)":[44],"and":[45,91,101,118,140,147,173,188],"using":[46],"vacuum":[47],"freeze-drying":[48],"processes.":[49],"However,":[50],"after":[51],"conservation,":[52],"dust":[53,134],"formation":[54],"observed":[56],"on":[57,123],"some":[58],"wooden":[59],"parts":[60],"during":[64],"storage.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"study,":[68],"iron\u2013sulfur-related":[69],"problems":[70],"detected":[71],"in":[72,94,178],"woods":[74,95],"were":[78,121],"evaluated.":[79],"We":[80],"analysed":[81],"samples":[82],"taken":[83],"from":[84,96],"study":[88],"sulfur":[90],"content":[93],"oak":[97],"(Quercus),":[98],"walnut":[99],"(Juglans),":[100],"hornbeam":[102],"(Carpinus),":[103],"representing":[104],"taxa":[105],"different":[107],"wood":[108,137],"properties.":[109],"Fourier-transform":[110],"infrared":[111],"spectroscopy":[112],"(FTIR)":[113],"analyses,":[114],"X-ray":[115],"diffraction":[116],"(XRD),":[117],"pH":[119,159],"measurements":[120],"conducted":[122],"five":[124],"samples.":[125],"results":[127],"these":[129,176],"studies":[130],"showed":[131],"that":[132],"consisted":[135],"particles,":[138],"PEG,":[139],"hydrated":[141],"sulfates,":[143],"such":[144],"as":[145],"FeSO4\u00b74H2O":[146],"FeSO4\u00b77H2O.":[148],"Additionally,":[149],"one":[150],"sample":[151],"included":[152],"SiO2,":[153],"whilst":[154],"another":[155],"exhibited":[156],"a":[157],"low":[158],"value.":[160],"These":[161],"findings":[162],"highlight":[163],"importance":[165],"optimum":[167],"ambient":[168],"conditions":[169],"for":[170],"storage":[172],"display":[174],"order":[179],"prevent":[181],"irreversible":[183],"degradation":[184],"other":[189],"recovered":[190],"shipwrecks.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-03-09T00:00:00"}