{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322629068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","title":"Epidemiology and diagnosis of viral and bacterial central nervous system infections in Sri Lanka: A Narrative review","display_name":"Epidemiology and diagnosis of viral and bacterial central nervous system infections in Sri Lanka: A Narrative review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322629068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764779715","display_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2448-9654","issn":["2448-9654","2012-8169"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319316","host_organization_name":"Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319316"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069281416","display_name":"W. K. H. Dheerasekara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-0078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-0078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111199411","display_name":"University of Peradeniya","ror":"https://ror.org/025h79t26","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. K. H. Dheerasekara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046326569","display_name":"Rohitha Muthugala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-1069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-1069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505396","display_name":"Teaching Hospital Kandy","ror":"https://ror.org/037x4vd23","country_code":"LK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505396"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. R. V. Muthugala","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Hospital, Kandy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-1069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Hospital, Kandy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505396"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003123972","display_name":"Veranja Chathurani Liyanapathirana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-2172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-2172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111199411","display_name":"University of Peradeniya","ror":"https://ror.org/025h79t26","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V Liyanapathirana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-2172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069281416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.191,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22329689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13201","display_name":"Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13201","display_name":"Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.2337999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-infection","display_name":"central nervous system infection","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-meningitis","display_name":"bacterial meningitis","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-encephalitis","display_name":"viral encephalitis","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meningoencephalitis","display_name":"meningoencephalitis","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/etiological-diagnosis","display_name":"etiological diagnosis","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-diagnosis","display_name":"molecular diagnosis","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrospinal-fluid-culture","display_name":"cerebrospinal fluid culture","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-pretreatment","display_name":"antibiotic pretreatment","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-timing","display_name":"sampling timing","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haemophilus-influenzae","display_name":"Haemophilus influenzae","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-pneumoniae","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neisseria-meningitidis","display_name":"Neisseria meningitidis","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herpes-simplex-virus","display_name":"herpes simplex virus","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-encephalitis-virus","display_name":"Japanese encephalitis virus","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dengue-virus","display_name":"dengue virus","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/listeria-monocytogenes","display_name":"Listeria monocytogenes","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sri-lanka","display_name":"Sri Lanka","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.617253303527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781253189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221179","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","level":3,"score":0.5902411937713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49898505210876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777888124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519796","display_name":"Enterovirus","level":3,"score":0.4750285744667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83455156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199615","display_name":"Encephalitis","level":3,"score":0.4571428894996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779215961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310904","display_name":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae","level":3,"score":0.441739559173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.43565109372138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776159415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6868","display_name":"Varicella zoster virus","level":3,"score":0.43508845567703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781026528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143","display_name":"Meningitis","level":2,"score":0.43179452419281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10389963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848328","display_name":"Serotype","level":2,"score":0.4235679507255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.41469606757164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.38324517011642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.17778059840202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.15603354573249817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.13227683305740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764779715","display_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2448-9654","issn":["2448-9654","2012-8169"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319316","host_organization_name":"Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319316"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8160ffa1365415cba066093c8cd8410","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8160ffa1365415cba066093c8cd8410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp E33 1-10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i1.8488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764779715","display_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2448-9654","issn":["2448-9654","2012-8169"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319316","host_organization_name":"Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319316"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sri Lankan Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203617744","https://openalex.org/W1969497793","https://openalex.org/W4307645259","https://openalex.org/W2023854545","https://openalex.org/W2943789987","https://openalex.org/W3162185454","https://openalex.org/W2937196253","https://openalex.org/W2129692180","https://openalex.org/W6944862220","https://openalex.org/W2588132966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bacterial":[0],"central":[1],"nervous":[2],"system":[3],"(CNS)":[4],"infections":[5,19],"are":[6,20,36,164,210],"life-threatening":[7],"diseases":[8],"with":[9,31,91,134,149],"high":[10],"mortality":[11],"and":[12,22,28,33,75,81,110,119,126,136,190,208,220],"long-term":[13],"neurological":[14],"sequels,":[15],"while":[16,93,161],"viral":[17,170],"CNS":[18,159],"mild":[21],"self-limited.":[23],"In":[24],"Sri":[25,176,233],"Lanka,":[26],"1000-1500":[27],"150-250":[29],"patients":[30,90,133],"meningitis":[32,92],"encephalitis":[34,97,135],"respectively":[35],"reported":[37,85,131],"annually":[38],"to":[39,87,156,182,217,225,235],"the":[40,227,237],"Epidemiology":[41],"Unit.":[42],"Haemophilus":[43],"influenzae,":[44],"Group":[45,56],"B":[46],"Streptococcus,":[47,58],"Streptococcus":[48,65],"pneumoniae,":[49],"Escherichia":[50],"coli,":[51],"Mycobacterium":[52],"tuberculosis,":[53],"Neisseria":[54],"meningitidis,":[55],"D":[57],"Leptospira":[59],"borgpetersenii":[60],"serovar":[61],"Tarasssovi,":[62],"Listeria":[63],"monocytogenes,":[64],"bovis":[66],"biotype":[67],"2,":[68,77],"enterovirus,":[69],"Herpes":[70,121],"Simplex":[71,122],"Virus":[72,123],"type":[73,76,114,117,124],"1":[74,125],"Varicella":[78,99],"zoster":[79,100],"virus":[80],"cytomegalovirus":[82],"have":[83,129,144,195],"been":[84,130,196],"up":[86],"2022":[88],"in":[89,132,172,175,187,232],"dengue":[94],"virus,":[95,98,101,104],"Japanese":[96],"West":[102],"Nile":[103],"Human":[105],"Bocavirus":[106],"Type":[107],"1,":[108],"2":[109],"3,":[111],"human":[112],"adenovirus":[113],"41,":[115],"Echovirus":[116],"9":[118],"25,":[120],"Mycoplasma":[127],"pneumoniae":[128],"meningoencephalitis.":[137],"However":[138],"less":[139],"than":[140],"10%":[141],"of":[142,179,193,203,229],"cases":[143],"a":[145],"definitive":[146],"aetiological":[147,238],"diagnosis":[148],"conventional":[150],"bacterial":[151,158],"culture":[152],"methods":[153,216],"routinely":[154],"used":[155,165],"diagnose":[157],"infections,":[160],"molecular":[162],"assays":[163],"only":[166],"for":[167,200,212],"selected":[168],"common":[169],"pathogens":[171],"government":[173],"hospitals":[174],"Lanka.":[177],"Use":[178],"antibiotics":[180],"prior":[181],"cerebrospinal":[183],"fluid":[184],"collection,":[185,189],"delay":[186],"sample":[188],"low":[191,201],"volume":[192],"samples":[194],"identified":[197],"as":[198],"factors":[199],"sensitivity":[202],"test":[204,215],"results.":[205],"Scientists,":[206],"microbiologists":[207],"virologists":[209],"responsible":[211],"developing":[213],"new":[214],"identify":[218],"current":[219],"previously":[221],"unidentified":[222],"causative":[223],"microorganisms":[224],"extend":[226],"spectrum":[228],"neurotropic":[230],"organisms":[231],"Lanka":[234],"enhance":[236],"diagnosis.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2023-03-01T00:00:00"}
