{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320037551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","title":"Behavioral pathway analysis of pedestrian injury severity in pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes","display_name":"Behavioral pathway analysis of pedestrian injury severity in pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320037551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073937074","display_name":"Sunday Okafor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-687X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-687X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunday Okafor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-687X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361898","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-4931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-4931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030462377","display_name":"Emmanuel Kofi Adanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1950-022X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1950-022X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Kofi Adanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049104366","display_name":"Steven L. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-0604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-0604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alabama Transportation Institute, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073937074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":{"value":1330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1330},"apc_paid":{"value":1330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1330},"fwci":1.8915,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83430565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"100777","last_page":"100777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-injury-severity","display_name":"pedestrian injury severity","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/street-lighting","display_name":"street lighting","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speed-limits","display_name":"speed limits","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-type","display_name":"vehicle type","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-management","display_name":"traffic management","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-safety","display_name":"pedestrian safety","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-crossings","display_name":"pedestrian crossings","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash-contributing-factors","display_name":"crash contributing factors","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.9424489736557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.7187122106552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077350","display_name":"Speed limit","level":2,"score":0.642469048500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6144927144050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.5803808569908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.5491195321083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.462819904088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.4462665915489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.42127978801727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3810272514820099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32272839546203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2994091808795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2620440125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e08e094b616046ba93e85efb29b8d491","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e08e094b616046ba93e85efb29b8d491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Vol 18, Iss , Pp 100777- (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7117000222206116,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312852","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315312","display_name":"North Carolina Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xmd8q53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1752175424","https://openalex.org/W1830719945","https://openalex.org/W1964705831","https://openalex.org/W2017001763","https://openalex.org/W2036619968","https://openalex.org/W2042741039","https://openalex.org/W2068035155","https://openalex.org/W2069040401","https://openalex.org/W2069546237","https://openalex.org/W2115451947","https://openalex.org/W2132735659","https://openalex.org/W2173362448","https://openalex.org/W2313292234","https://openalex.org/W2468643476","https://openalex.org/W2496157789","https://openalex.org/W2568808108","https://openalex.org/W2736416056","https://openalex.org/W2766253148","https://openalex.org/W2808744166","https://openalex.org/W2899731239","https://openalex.org/W2901772120","https://openalex.org/W2969513751","https://openalex.org/W2992034134","https://openalex.org/W3081117728","https://openalex.org/W3092522434","https://openalex.org/W3114096491","https://openalex.org/W3136690087","https://openalex.org/W3137985804","https://openalex.org/W3151255343","https://openalex.org/W3161571856","https://openalex.org/W3166610085","https://openalex.org/W3175746181","https://openalex.org/W3177707784","https://openalex.org/W3177906115","https://openalex.org/W3183756746","https://openalex.org/W3193680963","https://openalex.org/W3217326401","https://openalex.org/W4239815525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W2783765022","https://openalex.org/W1487546886","https://openalex.org/W4213390688","https://openalex.org/W2023424765","https://openalex.org/W209177825","https://openalex.org/W2260842574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,16,33,62,77,152,178,190,216],"health":[2,28],"and":[3,11,35,59,66,85,93,110,115,131,158,164,196],"environmental":[4],"benefits":[5],"of":[6,14,19,38,106,180,198,215,218],"walking":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9],"active":[10],"sustainable":[12],"mode":[13],"transport,":[15],"increasing":[17,121],"number":[18,105],"road":[20],"crashes":[21,53],"involving":[22],"pedestrians":[23,214],"has":[24],"become":[25],"a":[26],"public":[27],"concern.":[29],"This":[30,146],"study":[31,147,172,191],"investigates":[32],"direct":[34],"indirect":[36],"effects":[37],"various":[39,155],"contributing":[40,80],"factors":[41,157],"on":[42,51,184,202],"pedestrian":[43,63,82,101,129,159,168,206],"injury":[44,67,86,122,136,141,160,185],"severity":[45,87,137,142,186],"in":[46,167],"pedestrian-motor":[47],"vehicle":[48,111],"crashes.":[49],"Data":[50],"pedestrian-vehicle":[52,231],"from":[54],"North":[55],"Carolina":[56],"between":[57,79,154],"2015":[58],"2019,":[60],"including":[61],"pre-crash":[64,83,118,144,182],"actions":[65],"severity,":[68],"were":[69],"used.":[70],"Path":[71],"analysis":[72],"was":[73,125],"applied":[74],"to":[75,120,220],"uncover":[76],"inter-relationship":[78],"factors,":[81],"behaviors,":[84],"using":[88],"random":[89],"parameter":[90],"ordered":[91],"logit":[92,95],"mixed":[94],"models.":[96],"The":[97],"results":[98],"indicate":[99],"that":[100,128],"intoxication,":[102],"lighting":[103,195],"condition,":[104],"lanes,":[107],"speed":[108,200],"limit,":[109],"type":[112],"contribute":[113],"directly":[114,134],"indirectly":[116,139],"(through":[117],"behaviors)":[119],"severity.":[123,161],"It":[124],"also":[126],"observed":[127],"position":[130],"traffic":[132],"control":[133],"decreased":[135],"but":[138],"increased":[140],"through":[143],"behaviors.":[145],"provides":[148],"valuable":[149,174],"information":[150],"about":[151],"relationship":[153],"crash":[156],"For":[162,188],"researchers":[163],"agencies":[165],"interested":[166],"safety":[169],"improvements,":[170],"this":[171],"gives":[173],"insight":[175],"by":[176],"uncovering":[177],"roles":[179],"pedestrians\u2019":[181],"action":[183],"outcomes.":[187],"countermeasures,":[189],"recommends":[192],"better":[193],"street":[194],"re-evaluation":[197],"posted":[199],"limits":[201],"roads":[203],"with":[204,229],"high":[205],"traffic.":[207],"A":[208],"regular":[209],"educational":[210],"campaign":[211],"should":[212,234],"inform":[213],"importance":[217],"yielding":[219],"motorists":[221],"at":[222,238],"locations":[223],"without":[224],"crosswalks.":[225],"Also,":[226],"drivers\u2019":[227],"compliance":[228],"existing":[230],"interaction":[232],"laws":[233],"be":[235],"monitored,":[236],"especially":[237],"intersections.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
