{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320032715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","title":"Small rural hospitals in the United States and the impact of COVID: A cross-sectional study","display_name":"Small rural hospitals in the United States and the impact of COVID: A cross-sectional study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320032715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36773020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31561759","display_name":"Hospital Topics","issn_l":"0018-5868","issn":["0018-5868","1939-9278"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital Topics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027240351","display_name":"Ken U. Black","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-3374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-3374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52913039","display_name":"University of Houston - Clear Lake","ror":"https://ror.org/01t817z14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ken Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-3374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063297139","display_name":"Lifei Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-0619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-0619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52913039","display_name":"University of Houston - Clear Lake","ror":"https://ror.org/01t817z14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifei Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113452899","display_name":"Sharon Perkins Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52913039","display_name":"University of Houston - Clear Lake","ror":"https://ror.org/01t817z14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Perkins Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027240351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52913039"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6953,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73019295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"103","issue":"2","first_page":"43","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11296","display_name":"COVID-19 and healthcare impacts","score":0.1800999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-hospitals","display_name":"rural hospitals","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-hospitals","display_name":"small hospitals","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-staffing","display_name":"hospital staffing","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-funding","display_name":"hospital finance","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalization","display_name":"hospitalization","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatient-visits","display_name":"outpatient visits","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-bed-capacity","display_name":"hospital bed capacity","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-health-care","display_name":"rural health care","score":0.6679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8223553895950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.6889715194702148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.6779735088348389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.6377671957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6010041236877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.49866509437561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.4932822585105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738","display_name":"Coronavirus","level":5,"score":0.4348863959312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41889888048171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3780529201030731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36264336109161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3615580201148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3271762728691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.28219157457351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.20116740465164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17199069261550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.12668976187705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006780","descriptor_name":"Hospitals, Rural","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006780","descriptor_name":"Hospitals, Rural","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2023.2176390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31561759","display_name":"Hospital Topics","issn_l":"0018-5868","issn":["0018-5868","1939-9278"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital Topics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36773020","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36773020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital topics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396666096","https://openalex.org/W3038793257","https://openalex.org/W4285731873","https://openalex.org/W4200218324","https://openalex.org/W4396598275","https://openalex.org/W4392702351","https://openalex.org/W4283588332","https://openalex.org/W3201048107","https://openalex.org/W4200349148","https://openalex.org/W4367834152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Rural":[1],"hospitals":[2,74,110,201],"in":[3,40,111,128,133,143,202,213,220,271],"the":[4,28,34,49,56,81,91,99,126,161,194,203,214,221],"United":[5,204],"States":[6,205],"face":[7],"staffing":[8],"and":[9,15,33,61,67,152,167,173,180,250,273],"financial":[10],"challenges,":[11],"low":[12],"patient":[13],"volumes,":[14],"aging":[16],"infrastructures":[17],"among":[18],"others.":[19],"In":[20,208],"addition,":[21],"they":[22],"deal":[23],"with":[24],"such":[25,154],"crises":[26],"as":[27,153],"opioid":[29],"epidemic,":[30],"natural":[31],"disasters,":[32],"coronavirus.":[35],"METHODS:":[36],"The":[37,113,120,146,227],"analyses":[38],"presented":[39,218],"this":[41,103,144,187,209],"study":[42,104],"are":[43,115,122,217],"based":[44],"on":[45,198],"two":[46],"databases:":[47],"(1)":[48],"2019":[50,92],"annual":[51,94],"survey":[52,95],"data":[53,96,114,127,151,211],"published":[54,129],"by":[55],"American":[57],"Hospital":[58],"Association":[59],"(AHA)":[60],"(2)":[62],"US":[63,73],"Department":[64],"of":[65,72,83,90,108,118,163,193,196,241,255,258],"Health":[66],"Human":[68],"Services":[69],"(HHS)":[70],"database":[71,148,216],"containing":[75],"information":[76,169],"related":[77],"to":[78,97,124,157,176,265],"COVID-19":[79],"for":[80,170,184],"week":[82],"November":[84],"27,":[85],"2020.":[86],"Using":[87],"a":[88,106,190,238,251],"subset":[89],"AHA":[93],"which":[98,259],"authors":[100,121],"acquired":[101],"access,":[102],"develops":[105],"profile":[107],"rural":[109,200,230],"America.":[112],"proprietary":[116],"property":[117],"AHA.":[119],"permitted":[123],"use":[125],"research":[130],"but":[131],"only":[132,219],"aggregate":[134,222],"form.":[135,223],"No":[136],"individual":[137],"hospital":[138,231],"metrics":[139],"can":[140],"be":[141],"used":[142],"report.":[145],"HHS":[147,159,188,215],"is":[149,155,206],"public":[150],"available":[156],"all.":[158,185],"recognizes":[160],"importance":[162],"providing":[164],"high-quality,":[165],"accessible,":[166],"timely":[168],"entrepreneurs,":[171],"researchers,":[172],"policy":[174],"makers":[175],"help":[177],"drive":[178],"insights":[179],"better":[181],"health":[182],"outcomes":[183],"Employing":[186],"database,":[189],"cross-sectional":[191],"view":[192],"impact":[195],"COVID":[197],"small,":[199,229],"undertaken.":[207],"study,":[210],"found":[212],"RESULTS":[224],"AND":[225],"DISCUSSION:":[226],"average":[228],"has":[232],"20.8":[233],"beds,":[234],"10":[235],"weekly":[236],"admissions,":[237],"daily":[239],"census":[240],"6.6":[242],"patients,":[243],"145":[244],"full-time":[245],"personnel,":[246,249],"67":[247],"part-time":[248],"total":[252],"facility":[253],"expense":[254,261],"$27":[256],"million":[257],"payroll":[260],"was":[262,268],"41%.":[263],"Due":[264],"COVID,":[266],"there":[267],"an":[269],"increase":[270],"admissions":[272],"outpatient":[274],"visits.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2023-02-12T00:00:00"}
