{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319829690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","title":"A Diachronic Cross-Platforms Analysis of Violent Extremist Language in the Incel Online Ecosystem","display_name":"A Diachronic Cross-Platforms Analysis of Violent Extremist Language in the Incel Online Ecosystem","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319829690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141724154","display_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","issn_l":"0954-6553","issn":["0954-6553","1556-1836"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069432999","display_name":"St\u00e9phane J. Baele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-0888","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-0888"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephane Baele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Political Sciences, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Centre for Advanced International Studies (CAIS), University of Exeter, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-0888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Centre for Advanced International Studies (CAIS), University of Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000010272","display_name":"Lewys Brace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7075-1243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7075-1243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lewys Brace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Political Sciences, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Q-Step Centre, University of Exeter, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7075-1243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Philosophy, and Anthropology, Q-Step Centre, University of Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076913007","display_name":"Debbie Ging","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-5560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-5560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debbie Ging","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications, Dublin City University, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications, Dublin City University, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000010272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.2641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99737688,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"3","first_page":"382","last_page":"405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manosphere","display_name":"manosphere","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-subcultures","display_name":"online subcultures","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-platform-analysis","display_name":"cross-platform analysis","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diachronic-study","display_name":"diachronic analysis","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6204253435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87863119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842756","display_name":"Subculture (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5732764601707458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4858831763267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.47843602299690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776438695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28024857","display_name":"Violent extremism","level":3,"score":0.4103997051715851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3555047810077667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.34349313378334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3260224461555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2651497423648834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22987070679664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2248459756374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2130345106124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.13224202394485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141724154","display_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","issn_l":"0954-6553","issn":["0954-6553","1556-1836"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:ftpvxx:v:36:y:2024:i:3:p:382-405","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:299825","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/299825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400166","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800384882","host_organization_name":"Harris County Public Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800384882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 36, no.3, p. 382-405 (2023)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29793635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_diachronic_cross-platforms_analysis_of_violent_extremist_language_in_the_incel_online_ecosystem/29793635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/132336","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/132336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141724154","display_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","issn_l":"0954-6553","issn":["0954-6553","1556-1836"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6973419016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/V002775/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7280719055","display_name":"Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats (CREST)","funder_award_id":"ES/V002775/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319829690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319829690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555395612","https://openalex.org/W1653915406","https://openalex.org/W1973065199","https://openalex.org/W2008645497","https://openalex.org/W2042169673","https://openalex.org/W2126740600","https://openalex.org/W2134336414","https://openalex.org/W2140342020","https://openalex.org/W2141681057","https://openalex.org/W2145554190","https://openalex.org/W2152565950","https://openalex.org/W2238323556","https://openalex.org/W2280590701","https://openalex.org/W2301953046","https://openalex.org/W2346054255","https://openalex.org/W2525860367","https://openalex.org/W2530294382","https://openalex.org/W2612191247","https://openalex.org/W2772505590","https://openalex.org/W2948833232","https://openalex.org/W2952937483","https://openalex.org/W2959053582","https://openalex.org/W2966605449","https://openalex.org/W3001827548","https://openalex.org/W3002330681","https://openalex.org/W3016738969","https://openalex.org/W3039391602","https://openalex.org/W3048017857","https://openalex.org/W3087781165","https://openalex.org/W3111301134","https://openalex.org/W3117014789","https://openalex.org/W3133169329","https://openalex.org/W3162238849","https://openalex.org/W3173430367","https://openalex.org/W3207410127","https://openalex.org/W4200301609","https://openalex.org/W4205152789","https://openalex.org/W4224319692","https://openalex.org/W4284702021","https://openalex.org/W4293051588","https://openalex.org/W4294012736","https://openalex.org/W4361273082","https://openalex.org/W6681496690","https://openalex.org/W6869477849","https://openalex.org/W6959682379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367754398","https://openalex.org/W2186492820","https://openalex.org/W2364243907","https://openalex.org/W2349053657","https://openalex.org/W2409659809","https://openalex.org/W2083244061","https://openalex.org/W2371990103","https://openalex.org/W145371721","https://openalex.org/W2347543342","https://openalex.org/W4309035455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emergence":[1],"and":[2,27,60,64,83,120,138],"growth":[3],"of":[4,13,18,41,54,100,104,114,147,187],"incel":[5,43,115],"subculture":[6],"online":[7,58,101,135,163,178],"has":[8,36,128],"triggered":[9],"a":[10,49,77,88,93,98],"considerable":[11],"body":[12],"research":[14,35],"to":[15,47,73,182],"date,":[16],"most":[17],"which":[19],"analyzing":[20],"its":[21,25],"worldview":[22],"or":[23],"mapping":[24],"position":[26],"connections":[28],"within":[29],"the":[30,42,105,112,154,161,166,185],"broader":[31],"manosphere.":[32],"While":[33],"this":[34,87,126],"considerably":[37],"enhanced":[38],"our":[39],"understanding":[40],"phenomenon,":[44],"it":[45],"tends":[46],"offer":[48],"somewhat":[50],"static,":[51],"one-dimensional":[52],"portrayal":[53],"what":[55,74],"is\u2014like":[56],"all":[57],"subcultures":[59],"communities\u2014a":[61],"highly":[62],"dynamic":[63],"multi-layered":[65],"environment.":[66],"Consequently,":[67],"we":[68,110,123,171],"lack":[69],"sufficiently":[70],"nuanced":[71],"answers":[72],"is":[75,86,180,193],"arguably":[76],"critical":[78],"question":[79],"for":[80],"law":[81],"enforcement":[82],"academics":[84],"alike:":[85],"violent":[89,148,190],"extremist":[90,149,191],"ideology?":[91],"Using":[92],"uniquely":[94],"extensive":[95],"corpus":[96],"covering":[97],"range":[99],"spaces":[102,136,164,179],"constitutive":[103],"incelosphere":[106],"spanning":[107],"several":[108],"years,":[109],"analyze":[111],"evolution":[113],"language":[116,127,150],"across":[117,153],"both":[118],"time":[119,133],"platforms.":[121],"Specifically,":[122],"test":[124],"whether":[125],"grown":[129],"more":[130],"extreme":[131],"over":[132,165],"as":[134],"shutdown":[137],"others":[139],"emerged.":[140],"Our":[141],"findings":[142],"demonstrate":[143,172],"that,":[144,173],"while":[145,174],"levels":[146],"do":[151],"vary":[152],"incelosphere,":[155],"they":[156],"have":[157],"steadily":[158],"increased":[159],"in":[160],"main":[162],"past":[167],"6":[168],"years.":[169],"Further,":[170],"activity":[175],"on":[176,189],"these":[177,188],"responsive":[181],"offline":[183],"events,":[184],"impact":[186],"ideation":[192],"not":[194],"uniform.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}