{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319786592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","title":"Elephant Scar Prevalence in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya: Echoes of Human-Elephant Conflict","display_name":"Elephant Scar Prevalence in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya: Echoes of Human-Elephant Conflict","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319786592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830392","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9951691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani13040605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/605/pdf?version=1675924528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/605/pdf?version=1675924528","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080076812","display_name":"Lynn Von Hagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-6418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-6418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94339441","display_name":"Western Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/0446vnd56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94339441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lynn Von Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-6418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94339441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027227909","display_name":"Chase A. LaDue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-0397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-0397"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chase A. LaDue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservation and Science, Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma City, OK 73111, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-0397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservation and Science, Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma City, OK 73111, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051419199","display_name":"Bruce A. Schulte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94339441","display_name":"Western Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/0446vnd56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94339441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Schulte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-9707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94339441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080076812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590","https://openalex.org/I94339441"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2002},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2002},"fwci":0.8886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68443477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"605","last_page":"605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12644","display_name":"Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-elephant-conflict","display_name":"human-elephant conflict","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-savanna-elephant","display_name":"African savanna elephant","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-elephant","display_name":"Loxodonta africana","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-raiding","display_name":"crop raiding","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elephant-conservation","display_name":"elephant conservation","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences-in-injury","display_name":"sex differences in injury","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777642821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206060","display_name":"Scars","level":2,"score":0.944269061088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779958940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185038","display_name":"African elephant","level":2,"score":0.7925556898117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.7424159049987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.7393617630004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20817334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936811","display_name":"Human\u2013wildlife conflict","level":3,"score":0.5361068248748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778002360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790261","display_name":"Rump","level":2,"score":0.5345214009284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147366489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328","display_name":"Wildlife conservation","level":3,"score":0.4630994498729706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40260037779808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.32738223671913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2625274658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22938767075538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10140946507453918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.08322259783744812}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani13040605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/605/pdf?version=1675924528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9951691","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9951691","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9951691/pdf/animals-13-00605.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:36830392","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e68eec12ed6d4d3eb670d37574f2fc94","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e68eec12ed6d4d3eb670d37574f2fc94","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Animals, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 605 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani13040605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/605/pdf?version=1675924528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7605999708175659,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306320","display_name":"Earthwatch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0585vsm16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309904","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311307","display_name":"Western Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/0446vnd56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315461","display_name":"International Elephant Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffgcv32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317540","display_name":"Richard Lounsbery Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05r9vkr23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319786592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319786592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63031554","https://openalex.org/W595636186","https://openalex.org/W1505898413","https://openalex.org/W1528529264","https://openalex.org/W1589773184","https://openalex.org/W1860580907","https://openalex.org/W1862234769","https://openalex.org/W1866903916","https://openalex.org/W1966644970","https://openalex.org/W1970092158","https://openalex.org/W1980821059","https://openalex.org/W2026308920","https://openalex.org/W2039493929","https://openalex.org/W2044080502","https://openalex.org/W2051967393","https://openalex.org/W2053681268","https://openalex.org/W2056115270","https://openalex.org/W2069919421","https://openalex.org/W2084522073","https://openalex.org/W2093117759","https://openalex.org/W2103227323","https://openalex.org/W2112044572","https://openalex.org/W2114012515","https://openalex.org/W2125358851","https://openalex.org/W2129635359","https://openalex.org/W2130069391","https://openalex.org/W2139961640","https://openalex.org/W2141672329","https://openalex.org/W2151428556","https://openalex.org/W2151973320","https://openalex.org/W2158117618","https://openalex.org/W2162456164","https://openalex.org/W2163585410","https://openalex.org/W2164297858","https://openalex.org/W2168828514","https://openalex.org/W2242276498","https://openalex.org/W2394714037","https://openalex.org/W2411867201","https://openalex.org/W2474926876","https://openalex.org/W2513752459","https://openalex.org/W2518566825","https://openalex.org/W2520440274","https://openalex.org/W2759834933","https://openalex.org/W2766758345","https://openalex.org/W2804672992","https://openalex.org/W2807644002","https://openalex.org/W2888002363","https://openalex.org/W2888050511","https://openalex.org/W2892502157","https://openalex.org/W2894451578","https://openalex.org/W2915801881","https://openalex.org/W3004958886","https://openalex.org/W3092104710","https://openalex.org/W3092227641","https://openalex.org/W3119734308","https://openalex.org/W3131400020","https://openalex.org/W3150472200","https://openalex.org/W3161637603","https://openalex.org/W3161858081","https://openalex.org/W3196314049","https://openalex.org/W3201525004","https://openalex.org/W3201954170","https://openalex.org/W3210382010","https://openalex.org/W4230977058","https://openalex.org/W4306254888","https://openalex.org/W4382362038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3161637603","https://openalex.org/W63031554","https://openalex.org/W2038843982","https://openalex.org/W4214858027","https://openalex.org/W2921955906","https://openalex.org/W7133502785","https://openalex.org/W3001407428","https://openalex.org/W1782077229","https://openalex.org/W3004958886","https://openalex.org/W7117855823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human\u2013elephant":[0],"conflict":[1,71],"(HEC)":[2],"compromises":[3],"crop":[4],"security":[5],"and":[6,42,128,188,212],"threatens":[7],"elephant":[8],"conservation.":[9],"Most":[10],"commonly,":[11],"HEC":[12,86],"manifests":[13],"as":[14,16,87,204],"crop-foraging":[15],"elephants":[17,52,108,148,158],"modify":[18],"natural":[19],"foraging":[20],"strategies":[21],"to":[22,89,100,122,162,171,186,208],"incorporate":[23],"crops.":[24],"Farmers":[25],"may":[26,201],"retaliate":[27],"by":[28],"frightening":[29],"or":[30,94],"harming":[31],"elephants,":[32],"leaving":[33],"scars":[34,45,77,90,112,124,131,142,164,180,192],"from":[35,143,149],"inflicted":[36],"wounds.":[37],"We":[38,74,103,140],"assessed":[39,141],"the":[40,47,57,64,79,92,136,150,189,197,210],"prevalence":[41,211],"distribution":[43],"of":[44,49,63,68,85,138,147,168,173,191,215],"on":[46,78,91,135,196],"bodies":[48,137],"African":[50],"savanna":[51],"(Loxodonta":[53],"africana)":[54],"observed":[55],"in":[56],"Kasigau":[58],"Wildlife":[59],"Corridor":[60],"(KWC),":[61],"part":[62],"Greater":[65],"Tsavo":[66],"Ecosystem":[67],"Kenya,":[69],"where":[70],"is":[72],"prevalent.":[73],"surmised":[75],"that":[76],"body":[80],"are":[81],"largely":[82],"a":[83,144],"result":[84],"opposed":[88],"rump":[93],"head,":[95],"which":[96],"we":[97],"attributed":[98],"primarily":[99],"elephant\u2013elephant":[101],"conflict.":[102],"hypothesized":[104],"that:":[105],"(1)":[106],"male":[107,157],"would":[109,118,132],"have":[110,123,163],"more":[111,120,160,179],"than":[113,125,165,181],"females;":[114],"(2)":[115],"older":[116,175],"males":[117,169,176,183],"be":[119,133,202],"likely":[121,161],"younger":[126,182],"males;":[127],"(3)":[129],"most":[130],"located":[134,195],"elephants.":[139],"photographic":[145],"catalogue":[146],"KWC.":[151],"In":[152],"line":[153],"with":[154],"our":[155],"hypotheses,":[156],"were":[159,194],"females":[166],"(32%":[167],"compared":[170,185],"6%":[172],"females);":[174],"had":[177],"significantly":[178],"(61%":[184],"24%);":[187],"majority":[190],"(89%)":[193],"body.":[198],"Scar":[199],"presence":[200],"useful":[203],"an":[205],"animal-centered":[206],"indicator":[207],"estimate":[209],"demographic":[213],"patterns":[214],"HEC.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-02-11T00:00:00"}
