{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319083729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","title":"Virtual Versus Light Microscopy Usage among Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Evidence in Medical Education","display_name":"Virtual Versus Light Microscopy Usage among Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Evidence in Medical Education","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319083729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36766660","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9914930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics13030558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/3/558/pdf?version=1675741548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/3/558/pdf?version=1675741548","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003852471","display_name":"Sabyasachi Maity","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-5983","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-5983"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabyasachi Maity","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-5983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040650135","display_name":"Samal Nauhria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-2606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-2606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39560731","display_name":"St. Matthew's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtwp073","country_code":"KY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}],"countries":["GB","KY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samal Nauhria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-2606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040359718","display_name":"Narendra Nayak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39560731","display_name":"St. Matthew's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtwp073","country_code":"KY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}],"countries":["KY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narendra Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978184","display_name":"Shreya Nauhria","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39560731","display_name":"St. Matthew's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtwp073","country_code":"KY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}],"countries":["GB","KY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreya Nauhria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067922491","display_name":"Tamara Coffin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamara Coffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025232969","display_name":"Jadzia Wray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jadzia Wray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089828837","display_name":"Sepehr Haerianardakani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-2345","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-2345"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sepehr Haerianardakani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Student Research Institute, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022482221","display_name":"Ramsagar Sah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramsagar Sah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085889156","display_name":"Andrew Spruce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39560731","display_name":"St. Matthew's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtwp073","country_code":"KY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}],"countries":["KY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Spruce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712650","display_name":"Yujin Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-5840","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-5840"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I896053408","display_name":"American University of Antigua","ror":"https://ror.org/001shqf12","country_code":"AG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I896053408"]}],"countries":["AG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John\u2019s, Antigua and Barbuda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John\u2019s, Antigua and Barbuda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I896053408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082302848","display_name":"Mary C. Maj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary C. Maj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014733428","display_name":"Abhimanyu Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-3911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-3911"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164371","display_name":"Government Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04y908s98","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164371"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhimanyu Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu 180001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu 180001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081594565","display_name":"Nicole Okpara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39560731","display_name":"St. Matthew's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtwp073","country_code":"KY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}],"countries":["KY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Okpara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, St. Matthews University School of Medicine, Georgetown P.O. Box 30992, Cayman Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39560731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066154194","display_name":"Chidubem J. Ike","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I896053408","display_name":"American University of Antigua","ror":"https://ror.org/001shqf12","country_code":"AG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I896053408"]}],"countries":["AG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chidubem J. Ike","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John\u2019s, Antigua and Barbuda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John\u2019s, Antigua and Barbuda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I896053408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023210431","display_name":"Reetuparna Nath","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reetuparna Nath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education Service, St. George\u2019s University, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education Service, St. George\u2019s University, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028712407","display_name":"Jack L. Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-9577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-9577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Illustrator, The Centre for Biomedical Visualization, St. George\u2019s University, St. George\u2019s, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Illustrator, The Centre for Biomedical Visualization, St. George\u2019s University, St. George\u2019s, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079652585","display_name":"Anil Vasdev Parwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-1666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-1666","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7224-6682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802841970","display_name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00c01js51","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil V. Parwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) Midwestern Division, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) Midwestern Division, Columbus, OH 43210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970","https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040650135"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I39560731"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2224},"fwci":2.0077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87962643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"558","last_page":"558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.40059998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-microscopy","display_name":"virtual microscopy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-slide-images","display_name":"whole slide images","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-microscopy","display_name":"optical microscopy","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-students","display_name":"dental students","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology-education","display_name":"pathology education","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histology-education","display_name":"histology education","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy-education","display_name":"anatomy education","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exam-performance","display_name":"exam performance","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"digital pathology","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology-teaching","display_name":"histopathology teaching","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780029942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7935138","display_name":"Virtual microscopy","level":2,"score":0.8793104887008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011772","display_name":"CINAHL","level":3,"score":0.7339094877243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5282803177833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.5039121508598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5007121562957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.4967949688434601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37413910031318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3550296425819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34479260444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33968430757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19027459621429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1814223825931549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.15935713052749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.15678927302360535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics13030558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/3/558/pdf?version=1675741548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9914930","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9914930","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914930/pdf/diagnostics-13-00558.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:36766660","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36766660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce340799bd8b4f0a9f83b59062e15e02","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce340799bd8b4f0a9f83b59062e15e02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 558 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics13030558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030558","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/3/558/pdf?version=1675741548","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319083729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319083729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024075610","https://openalex.org/W2025180046","https://openalex.org/W2169792285","https://openalex.org/W2301606038","https://openalex.org/W2342014610","https://openalex.org/W2470317160","https://openalex.org/W2567362164","https://openalex.org/W2749577869","https://openalex.org/W2751783141","https://openalex.org/W2755850037","https://openalex.org/W2789440911","https://openalex.org/W2797883441","https://openalex.org/W2886670840","https://openalex.org/W2899537006","https://openalex.org/W2906632018","https://openalex.org/W2912058486","https://openalex.org/W2914038321","https://openalex.org/W2943370629","https://openalex.org/W2952578096","https://openalex.org/W2953608377","https://openalex.org/W2957366133","https://openalex.org/W2957942530","https://openalex.org/W2963232509","https://openalex.org/W2998300613","https://openalex.org/W2998794392","https://openalex.org/W3000134902","https://openalex.org/W3004625395","https://openalex.org/W3006015610","https://openalex.org/W3015253588","https://openalex.org/W3030555654","https://openalex.org/W3033680559","https://openalex.org/W3046201262","https://openalex.org/W3075353165","https://openalex.org/W3080475780","https://openalex.org/W3081087207","https://openalex.org/W3081421383","https://openalex.org/W3089264828","https://openalex.org/W3090223129","https://openalex.org/W3094919143","https://openalex.org/W3100887207","https://openalex.org/W3104316242","https://openalex.org/W3105833578","https://openalex.org/W3109453606","https://openalex.org/W3110803152","https://openalex.org/W3112825461","https://openalex.org/W3116172198","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3124072464","https://openalex.org/W3124150981","https://openalex.org/W3124400871","https://openalex.org/W3132961887","https://openalex.org/W3134495231","https://openalex.org/W3135659552","https://openalex.org/W3137423411","https://openalex.org/W3138328489","https://openalex.org/W3145669603","https://openalex.org/W3152954626","https://openalex.org/W3153034543","https://openalex.org/W3157527958","https://openalex.org/W3157969191","https://openalex.org/W3158995690","https://openalex.org/W3160847342","https://openalex.org/W3176663252","https://openalex.org/W3193595060","https://openalex.org/W3199358460","https://openalex.org/W3216824656","https://openalex.org/W4200268067","https://openalex.org/W4200416485","https://openalex.org/W4205819613","https://openalex.org/W4205965997","https://openalex.org/W4206193681","https://openalex.org/W4210305275","https://openalex.org/W4213270197","https://openalex.org/W4214890688","https://openalex.org/W4220730255","https://openalex.org/W4221119683","https://openalex.org/W4224317962","https://openalex.org/W4226227878","https://openalex.org/W4226431592","https://openalex.org/W4245016603","https://openalex.org/W4282000127","https://openalex.org/W4282840083","https://openalex.org/W4313168558","https://openalex.org/W6791364145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416988568","https://openalex.org/W4414124139","https://openalex.org/W7203541275","https://openalex.org/W2549759946","https://openalex.org/W2912058486","https://openalex.org/W2899537006","https://openalex.org/W4408547172","https://openalex.org/W3137423411","https://openalex.org/W4400662100","https://openalex.org/W4400332376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,19,54,139,226,272,286,365,403],"usage":[2,65],"of":[3,22,66,151,166,177,209,229,290,368,405,416,424,427,470,474],"whole-slide":[4],"images":[5],"has":[6,435],"recently":[7],"been":[8],"gaining":[9],"a":[10,193,224,442],"foothold":[11],"in":[12,45,162,186,245,283,317,328,464],"medical":[13,46,70,243,258,380,456],"education,":[14],"training,":[15],"and":[16,35,43,47,64,73,86,88,97,104,120,132,198,211,339,390,407,414,422],"diagnosis.":[17],"Objectives:":[18],"first":[20],"objective":[21,56],"the":[23,51,76,114,123,129,149,152,163,181,187,217,246,278,308,318,361,420,430,453,465,468,471],"current":[24],"study":[25],"was":[26,57,145,249,275,363],"to":[27,58,147,183,280,439,444],"compare":[28],"academic":[29,200,206],"performance":[30,227,297,325,373,377],"on":[31,118],"virtual":[32,230,450],"microscopy":[33,37,233],"(VM)":[34],"light":[36,232],"(LM)":[38],"for":[39,69,109,128,137,195,252,269,277,313,378,447,467],"learning":[40,423],"pathology,":[41],"anatomy,":[42],"histology":[44,351],"dental":[48,391],"students":[49,215,309,392],"during":[50],"COVID-19":[52,273,431],"period.":[53],"second":[55],"gather":[59],"insight":[60],"into":[61],"various":[62],"applications":[63],"such":[67],"technology":[68,197,413,451],"education.":[71],"Materials":[72],"methods:":[74],"Using":[75],"keywords":[77],"\u201cvirtual":[78],"microscopy\u201d":[79,82,85],"or":[80,83],"\u201clight":[81],"\u201cdigital":[84],"\u201cmedical\u201d":[87],"\u201cdental\u201d":[89],"students,":[90],"databases":[91],"(PubMed,":[92],"Embase,":[93],"Scopus,":[94],"Cochrane,":[95],"CINAHL,":[96],"Google":[98],"Scholar)":[99],"were":[100,106,126,135,223,241],"searched.":[101],"Hand":[102],"searching":[103],"snowballing":[105],"also":[107,265],"employed":[108],"article":[110],"searching.":[111],"After":[112],"extracting":[113],"relevant":[115],"data":[116,125,134],"based":[117],"inclusion":[119],"execution":[121],"criteria,":[122],"qualitative":[124,406],"used":[127,136,146,251,311],"systematic":[130,159,167,188],"review":[131,160],"quantitative":[133,408],"meta-analysis.":[138],"Newcastle":[140],"Ottawa":[141],"Scale":[142],"(NOS)":[143],"scale":[144],"assess":[148],"quality":[150],"included":[153,185,235],"studies.":[154,237,285],"Additionally,":[155,429],"we":[156],"registered":[157],"our":[158],"protocol":[161],"prospective":[164],"register":[165],"reviews":[168],"(PROSPERO)":[169],"with":[170],"registration":[171],"number":[172],"CRD42020205583.":[173],"Results:":[174],"A":[175],"total":[176],"39":[178],"studies":[179,240,292,370],"met":[180],"criteria":[182],"be":[184],"review.":[189],"Overall,":[190],"results":[191,404],"indicated":[192],"preference":[194],"this":[196],"better":[199],"scores.":[201],"Qualitative":[202],"analyses":[203,409],"reported":[204,266],"improved":[205],"scores,":[207],"ease":[208],"use,":[210],"enhanced":[212],"collaboration":[213],"amongst":[214],"as":[216],"top":[218],"advantages,":[219],"whereas":[220],"technical":[221],"issues":[222],"disadvantage.":[225],"comparison":[228],"versus":[231],"meta-analysis":[234],"19":[236,291],"Most":[238],"(10/39)":[239,263],"from":[242,441],"universities":[244],"USA.":[247],"VM":[248,268,281,312,319,412],"mainly":[250],"teaching":[253,270,421,462],"pathology":[254,329],"courses":[255],"(25/39)":[256],"at":[257],"schools":[259,262],"(30/39).":[260],"Dental":[261],"have":[264],"using":[267],"microscopy.":[271],"pandemic":[274],"responsible":[276],"transition":[279],"use":[282],"17/39":[284],"pooled":[287],"effect":[288],"size":[289],"significantly":[293,322,375],"demonstrated":[294,321],"higher":[295,323,376],"exam":[296,324,372],"(SMD:":[298,330,341,352,381,393],"1.36":[299],"[95%":[300,332,343,354,383,395],"CI:":[301,333,344,355,384,396],"0.75,":[302],"1.96],":[303],"p":[304,336,347,358,387,399],"<":[305,337,348,388,400],"0.001)":[306,389],"among":[307],"who":[310],"their":[314],"learning.":[315],"Students":[316],"group":[320],"than":[326],"LM":[327],"0.85":[331],"0.26,":[334],"1.44],":[335],"0.01)":[338],"histopathology":[340],"1.25":[342],"0.71,":[345],"1.78],":[346],"0.001).":[349,401],"For":[350],"1.67":[353],"\u22120.05,":[356],"3.40],":[357],"=":[359],"0.06),":[360],"result":[362],"insignificant.":[364],"overall":[366],"analysis":[367],"15":[369],"assessing":[371],"showed":[374],"both":[379],"1.42":[382],"0.59,":[385],"2.25],":[386],"0.58":[394],"0.58,":[397],"0.79],":[398],"Conclusions:":[402],"show":[410],"that":[411],"digitization":[415],"glass":[417],"slides":[418],"enhance":[419],"microscopic":[425,445],"aspects":[426],"disease.":[428],"global":[432],"health":[433],"crisis":[434],"produced":[436],"many":[437],"challenges":[438],"overcome":[440],"macroscopic":[443],"scale,":[446],"which":[448],"modern":[449],"is":[452],"solution.":[454],"Therefore,":[455],"educators":[457],"worldwide":[458],"should":[459],"incorporate":[460],"newer":[461],"technologies":[463],"curriculum":[466],"success":[469],"coming":[472],"generation":[473],"health-care":[475],"professionals.":[476]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-02-04T00:00:00"}