{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319080495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","title":"A Meta-Analysis on Dual Protocols for Chronic Stroke Motor Recovery: Robotic Training and tDCS","display_name":"A Meta-Analysis on Dual Protocols for Chronic Stroke Motor Recovery: Robotic Training and tDCS","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319080495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app13031992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1992/pdf?version=1675472331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1992/pdf?version=1675472331","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024739188","display_name":"Rye-Kyeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6610-4898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6610-4898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rye-Kyeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sport Science, Health Promotion Center, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sport Science, Health Promotion Center, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023442366","display_name":"Nyeonju Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-9139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-9139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nyeonju Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sport Science, Health Promotion Center, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-9139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sport Science, Health Promotion Center, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065161570","display_name":"Zeel Desai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeel Desai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063167223","display_name":"James H. Cauraugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-8059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-8059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James H. Cauraugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-8059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063167223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2558},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2558},"fwci":0.0989,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17595819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"1992","last_page":"1992"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.16940000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10925","display_name":"Spinal Cord Injury Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-stroke","display_name":"chronic stroke","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-recovery","display_name":"motor recovery","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-direct-current-stimulation","display_name":"transcranial direct current stimulation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limb","display_name":"upper limb","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lower-limb","display_name":"lower extremity","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-rehabilitation","display_name":"stroke rehabilitation","score":0.7009999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.7698974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.6440099477767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777803708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603398","display_name":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation","level":3,"score":0.590717613697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.5856356024742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510101","display_name":"Neurorehabilitation","level":3,"score":0.5448818206787109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018579778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202","display_name":"Chronic stroke","level":3,"score":0.5032407641410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.4968130886554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4566461443901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10681911","display_name":"Stroke recovery","level":3,"score":0.4231148958206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.41255512833595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36471813917160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.31263044476509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.25191956758499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.17930027842521667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app13031992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1992/pdf?version=1675472331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e27aabca030c4788a7d5f1351a9d4930","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e27aabca030c4788a7d5f1351a9d4930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 1992 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app13031992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031992","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/3/1992/pdf?version=1675472331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4166552424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321363","funder_display_name":"Incheon National University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321363","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319080495.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319080495.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532903987","https://openalex.org/W1556248321","https://openalex.org/W1578152811","https://openalex.org/W1626843747","https://openalex.org/W1780250628","https://openalex.org/W1932994915","https://openalex.org/W1963618055","https://openalex.org/W1964143171","https://openalex.org/W1973918589","https://openalex.org/W1988932143","https://openalex.org/W1992411390","https://openalex.org/W1993663906","https://openalex.org/W1996973603","https://openalex.org/W2003916411","https://openalex.org/W2007872832","https://openalex.org/W2009722022","https://openalex.org/W2026419495","https://openalex.org/W2033585778","https://openalex.org/W2040072832","https://openalex.org/W2041732571","https://openalex.org/W2043952966","https://openalex.org/W2046765245","https://openalex.org/W2064434028","https://openalex.org/W2073575556","https://openalex.org/W2074762213","https://openalex.org/W2075167109","https://openalex.org/W2080095333","https://openalex.org/W2081639224","https://openalex.org/W2083026169","https://openalex.org/W2089421806","https://openalex.org/W2097273459","https://openalex.org/W2101700461","https://openalex.org/W2102968146","https://openalex.org/W2113585314","https://openalex.org/W2123192750","https://openalex.org/W2124109090","https://openalex.org/W2126185017","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2140036652","https://openalex.org/W2141025150","https://openalex.org/W2144651233","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2160309700","https://openalex.org/W2167289365","https://openalex.org/W2172092659","https://openalex.org/W2232591348","https://openalex.org/W2292322912","https://openalex.org/W2321408847","https://openalex.org/W2400350800","https://openalex.org/W2511163921","https://openalex.org/W2607268040","https://openalex.org/W2614109164","https://openalex.org/W2619391573","https://openalex.org/W2620185952","https://openalex.org/W2727786442","https://openalex.org/W2730789724","https://openalex.org/W2744677300","https://openalex.org/W2748901053","https://openalex.org/W2754333140","https://openalex.org/W2759752365","https://openalex.org/W2765650519","https://openalex.org/W2766981877","https://openalex.org/W2778983758","https://openalex.org/W2785332246","https://openalex.org/W2785478876","https://openalex.org/W2790636657","https://openalex.org/W2808112130","https://openalex.org/W2900801349","https://openalex.org/W2916721985","https://openalex.org/W2926545412","https://openalex.org/W2948367491","https://openalex.org/W2960578383","https://openalex.org/W2968138291","https://openalex.org/W2979888413","https://openalex.org/W2987367797","https://openalex.org/W2993146783","https://openalex.org/W3014026727","https://openalex.org/W3037541569","https://openalex.org/W3040658517","https://openalex.org/W3043052052","https://openalex.org/W3083992880","https://openalex.org/W3095933884","https://openalex.org/W3122226502","https://openalex.org/W3123085681","https://openalex.org/W3126410836","https://openalex.org/W3180847026","https://openalex.org/W3183626522","https://openalex.org/W3204285992","https://openalex.org/W4213435918","https://openalex.org/W4214744497","https://openalex.org/W4249847080","https://openalex.org/W4292179950","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W7065342961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391311829","https://openalex.org/W4310788469","https://openalex.org/W2926545412","https://openalex.org/W4361209678","https://openalex.org/W4205142744","https://openalex.org/W2620185952","https://openalex.org/W4391367192","https://openalex.org/W2790636657","https://openalex.org/W7166301732","https://openalex.org/W180475167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"popular":[1],"chronic":[2,121],"stroke":[3],"rehabilitation":[4],"protocols":[5,17,35,42,70,101,137,184,211],"are":[6,36],"robotic-assisted":[7,179],"movements":[8,180],"and":[9,51,61,82,108,120,148,166,189,208,215],"transcranial":[10],"direct":[11],"current":[12],"stimulation":[13],"(tDCS).":[14],"Separately,":[15],"both":[16,34],"have":[18],"produced":[19],"encouraging":[20],"motor":[21,31,77,168,227],"recovery":[22,32,78,124],"improvements.":[23],"An":[24],"intriguing":[25],"question":[26],"remains:":[27],"what":[28],"happens":[29],"to":[30,73,161,222],"when":[33],"administered":[37],"together?":[38],"Do":[39],"the":[40,54,65,80,118,135,153,171,175,195],"two":[41],"together":[43],"produce":[44],"additive":[45,132],"dual":[46,55],"effects?":[47],"This":[48],"systematic":[49,87],"review":[50],"meta-analysis":[52],"investigated":[53,64],"effect":[56],"of":[57,68,79,123,134,152,194],"combining":[58],"robotic":[59,96,139,213],"training":[60,97,140,210,214],"tDCS.":[62],"We":[63],"potential":[66],"effects":[67,133,151],"tDCS":[69,100,183,216],"in":[71,117,170,192],"addition":[72],"robotic-training":[74],"programs":[75],"on":[76],"upper":[81,103,172],"lower":[83,109,196],"extremities":[84,173],"post-stroke.":[85,198],"A":[86],"literature":[88],"search":[89],"identified":[90],"20":[91,128],"qualified":[92],"studies":[93,130],"that":[94],"used":[95],"combined":[98,136,154,176,181],"with":[99,138,182],"for":[102],"limb":[104,110],"(i.e.,":[105,111,212],"15":[106],"studies)":[107,113],"5":[112],"post-stroke":[114,226],"rehabilitation.":[115],"Individuals":[116],"subacute":[119],"stages":[122],"were":[125],"investigated.":[126],"The":[127,156],"included":[129],"compared":[131],"sham":[141],"control":[142],"groups.":[143],"Further,":[144],"we":[145],"estimated":[146],"short-term":[147,165],"long-term":[149,167],"treatment":[150],"protocols.":[155],"random-effects":[157],"model":[158],"meta-analyses":[159],"failed":[160],"find":[162],"any":[163],"significant":[164,186],"improvements":[169,191],"after":[174],"treatments.":[177],"However,":[178],"revealed":[185],"moderate":[187],"transient":[188],"sustained":[190],"functions":[193],"limbs":[197],"These":[199],"meta-analytic":[200],"findings":[201],"suggest":[202],"clinical":[203],"implications":[204],"concerning":[205],"coupled":[206],"top-down":[207],"bottom-up":[209],"combined),":[217],"which":[218],"will":[219],"allow":[220],"us":[221],"make":[223],"progress":[224],"toward":[225],"recovery.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2023-02-04T00:00:00"}