{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318820190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","title":"Shared Sanitation Facilities and Risk of COVID-19 in Resource-Poor Settings: An Agent-Based Modelling Study","display_name":"Shared Sanitation Facilities and Risk of COVID-19 in Resource-Poor Settings: An Agent-Based Modelling Study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318820190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4256202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055516755","display_name":"Michael A. L. Hayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-6196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-6196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066750283","display_name":"Sophia Simon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophia  M. Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis","University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Apt 153, Davis, CA 95616, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Apt 153, Davis, CA 95616, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050666243","display_name":"Kaiyue Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-8193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-8193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyue Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079599792","display_name":"Hannah Van Wyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3495-0085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3495-0085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Van Wyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073274740","display_name":"Mondal Hasan Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-8974","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-8974"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mondal  Hasan Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107858276","display_name":"Joseph N. S. Eisenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8019-296X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8019-296X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph N. S. Eisenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035739059","display_name":"Matthew C. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University - Rollins School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University - Rollins School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107858276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.6942999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.6942999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.1809999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13032","display_name":"COVID-19 Prevention and Impact","score":0.0494999997317791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-sanitation","display_name":"shared sanitation","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-transmission","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 transmission","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwashing","display_name":"hand washing","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distancing","display_name":"social distancing","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-transmission","display_name":"community transmission","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-disease-transmission","display_name":"respiratory disease transmission","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash","display_name":"water, sanitation and hygiene","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitigation-measures","display_name":"mitigation measures","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-based-modeling","display_name":"agent-based modeling","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.9478480815887451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197743484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615741","display_name":"Latrine","level":3,"score":0.8503943681716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007834","display_name":"Improved sanitation","level":3,"score":0.7026529908180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6555595397949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5837987661361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5677580237388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5053423047065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97156103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072861","display_name":"Open defecation","level":3,"score":0.48626959323883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4625700116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29921019077301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09839871525764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4256202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4256202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401855361","https://openalex.org/W4220679997","https://openalex.org/W7106331913","https://openalex.org/W2896148929","https://openalex.org/W3199242087","https://openalex.org/W3198424470","https://openalex.org/W3127032342","https://openalex.org/W2363225289","https://openalex.org/W3109466525","https://openalex.org/W7120758867"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2023-02-02T00:00:00"}