{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318320751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","title":"Testing a stepped solar still with different sand beds and reflectors","display_name":"Testing a stepped solar still with different sand beds and reflectors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318320751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020087984","display_name":"T.E.M. Atteya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-5490","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-5490"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T.E.M. Atteya","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-5490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061860854","display_name":"Faheem Abbas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faheem Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Jamoum University College, UmmAl-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Jamoum University College, UmmAl-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020087984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"],"apc_list":{"value":1030,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1030},"apc_paid":{"value":1030,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1030},"fwci":2.5781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90724597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":null,"first_page":"102782","last_page":"102782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12008","display_name":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12008","display_name":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11774","display_name":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stepped-solar-still","display_name":"stepped solar still","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-desalination","display_name":"solar desalination","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-sand","display_name":"black sand","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-reflectors","display_name":"internal reflectors","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooling-coil","display_name":"cooling coil","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freshwater-production","display_name":"freshwater production","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-efficiency","display_name":"thermal efficiency","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-cost-desalination","display_name":"low-cost desalination","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6970888376235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776870568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873","display_name":"Desalination","level":3,"score":0.6351678371429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030716","display_name":"Solar still","level":4,"score":0.6253053545951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5330055952072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16704694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496805","display_name":"Saline water","level":3,"score":0.44576138257980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3420766592025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1846821904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.18118873238563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.07392027974128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4313034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4313034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4313034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ccd69a22bdc4136a45cbdfb739aac04","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ccd69a22bdc4136a45cbdfb739aac04","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol 43, Iss , Pp 102782- (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5175972955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23UQU4360869DSR001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","funder_display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970613982","https://openalex.org/W1980747953","https://openalex.org/W1981798846","https://openalex.org/W1988925773","https://openalex.org/W1999523721","https://openalex.org/W2007344228","https://openalex.org/W2021744036","https://openalex.org/W2043287778","https://openalex.org/W2046466454","https://openalex.org/W2057588983","https://openalex.org/W2060865689","https://openalex.org/W2072244010","https://openalex.org/W2072971512","https://openalex.org/W2077180252","https://openalex.org/W2081549881","https://openalex.org/W2083786665","https://openalex.org/W2324297111","https://openalex.org/W2605137906","https://openalex.org/W2619044459","https://openalex.org/W2764265514","https://openalex.org/W2781053881","https://openalex.org/W2801882032","https://openalex.org/W2809295686","https://openalex.org/W2904003952","https://openalex.org/W2946154579","https://openalex.org/W2946755494","https://openalex.org/W2949615946","https://openalex.org/W2952098979","https://openalex.org/W2972703382","https://openalex.org/W3008346113","https://openalex.org/W3018531433","https://openalex.org/W3027550349","https://openalex.org/W3027951025","https://openalex.org/W3045023909","https://openalex.org/W3047522638","https://openalex.org/W3047653677","https://openalex.org/W3093541049","https://openalex.org/W3094128623","https://openalex.org/W3109764948","https://openalex.org/W3122203987","https://openalex.org/W3124524691","https://openalex.org/W3127305960","https://openalex.org/W3128272553","https://openalex.org/W3129670201","https://openalex.org/W3130645396","https://openalex.org/W3133856140","https://openalex.org/W3134001056","https://openalex.org/W3156224442","https://openalex.org/W3158278493","https://openalex.org/W3158974414","https://openalex.org/W3170971694","https://openalex.org/W3179580942","https://openalex.org/W3179643385","https://openalex.org/W3193616434","https://openalex.org/W3197255208","https://openalex.org/W3203906441","https://openalex.org/W3206324895","https://openalex.org/W3207668760","https://openalex.org/W3213259159","https://openalex.org/W3215677799","https://openalex.org/W4200110481","https://openalex.org/W4205430137","https://openalex.org/W4206074790","https://openalex.org/W4210380907","https://openalex.org/W4210946009","https://openalex.org/W4226436897","https://openalex.org/W4280570621","https://openalex.org/W4283274536","https://openalex.org/W4293224921","https://openalex.org/W4297829630","https://openalex.org/W4308492668","https://openalex.org/W4308797614","https://openalex.org/W4310859827","https://openalex.org/W6784462007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367537346","https://openalex.org/W4362695660","https://openalex.org/W4385982471","https://openalex.org/W4297910327","https://openalex.org/W7215235900","https://openalex.org/W2060865689","https://openalex.org/W3010357081","https://openalex.org/W4411194076","https://openalex.org/W6930310749","https://openalex.org/W4400922519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"cloudy":[1],"or":[2],"rainy":[3],"days,":[4],"a":[5],"solar":[6,52,161],"still":[7,162],"(SS)":[8],"cannot":[9],"work":[10,55],"in":[11,128],"its":[12,66],"normal":[13],"state.":[14],"So,":[15],"improving":[16,43],"the":[17,26,44,68,89,97,106,117,121,175],"yield":[18,154],"of":[19,78,91,99,131,147,167,171,174],"low-cost":[20],"solar-powered":[21],"desalination":[22],"technologies":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,72],"SS":[27,61,93,109,123,134],"is":[28],"essential":[29],"to":[30,34,64],"ensuring":[31],"sustained":[32],"access":[33],"freshwater":[35,176],"for":[36,56,177],"remote":[37],"area.":[38],"This":[39],"study":[40],"aims":[41],"at":[42,143],"potable":[45],"water":[46,49],"from":[47],"saline":[48],"via":[50],"stepped":[51,60,92,108,122,133],"stills.":[53],"Experimental":[54,113],"different":[57],"sand":[58,69,79,107,144],"beds":[59,145],"was":[62,70,111,141,155],"conducted":[63],"improve":[65],"performance,":[67],"used":[71],"thermal":[73,165],"storage":[74],"materials.":[75],"The":[76,125,153,169],"effects":[77],"type":[80],"(black":[81],"and":[82,84,102,138,150,180,185],"yellow)":[83],"sandy":[85,118,132],"bed":[86],"height":[87,146],"on":[88,105],"performance":[90,110],"were":[94,182],"studied.":[95],"Also,":[96],"effect":[98],"internal":[100,136],"reflectors":[101],"cooling":[103,139],"coil":[104,140],"investigated.":[112],"results":[114],"revealed":[115],"that":[116],"layer":[119],"improves":[120],"productions.":[124],"maximum":[126],"increase":[127],"accumulated":[129],"production":[130],"with":[135,164],"mirrors":[137],"obtained":[142],"1":[148,172],"cm":[149],"black":[151,178],"sand.":[152],"increased":[156],"by":[157],"136%":[158],"over":[159],"conventional":[160],"(CSS)":[163],"efficiency":[166],"54.4%.":[168],"costs":[170],"L":[173],"SSS":[179],"CSS":[181],"around":[183],"0.016$":[184],"0.026$.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2023-01-28T00:00:00"}