{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318311908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607","title":"Board gender diversity and the financial performance of Pakistani non\u2010financial firms: A fuzzy\u2010set QCA approach","display_name":"Board gender diversity and the financial performance of Pakistani non\u2010financial firms: A fuzzy\u2010set QCA approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318311908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcaf.22607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28703636","display_name":"Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance","issn_l":"1044-8136","issn":["1044-8136","1097-0053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034667559","display_name":"Farah Naz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-5443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-5443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148520331","display_name":"Kinnaird College for Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dpvst32","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Naz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011316382","display_name":"Tooba Lutfullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-039X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-039X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148520331","display_name":"Kinnaird College for Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dpvst32","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tooba Lutfullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044064556","display_name":"Sadia Arshad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148520331","display_name":"Kinnaird College for Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dpvst32","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadia Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Studies, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Studies, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148520331"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057860661","display_name":"Muhammad Ishfaq Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-1073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-1073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ishfaq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047574295","display_name":"Joe Ueng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-7853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-7853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130799901","display_name":"University of St. Thomas - Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/02pkt3s45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130799901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joe Ueng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Finance, Cameron School of Business, University of St. Thomas, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Finance, Cameron School of Business, University of St. Thomas, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130799901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047574295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130799901"],"apc_list":{"value":3140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3140},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6885,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89033401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"258","last_page":"272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-gender-diversity","display_name":"board gender diversity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-performance","display_name":"financial performance","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-financial-firms","display_name":"non-financial firms","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-echelons-theory","display_name":"upper echelons theory","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-directors","display_name":"foreign directors","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-size","display_name":"board size","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-leverage","display_name":"leverage","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-value-added","display_name":"economic value added","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobin-s-q","display_name":"Tobin's Q","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistani-firms","display_name":"Pakistani firms","score":0.47099998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778397978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501335","display_name":"Gender diversity","level":3,"score":0.7065191864967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.6064199209213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5966654419898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.47340425848960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.47329941391944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46245765686035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4367130696773529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.42846226692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94617000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639854","display_name":"Qualitative comparative analysis","level":2,"score":0.42799919843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.40947213768959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.34648191928863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26085036993026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.24599450826644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.21370553970336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20435339212417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.20000305771827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19217440485954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15464794635772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11269363760948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcaf.22607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28703636","display_name":"Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance","issn_l":"1044-8136","issn":["1044-8136","1097-0053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56595803","https://openalex.org/W645260185","https://openalex.org/W1951184012","https://openalex.org/W1974373892","https://openalex.org/W1982008157","https://openalex.org/W1985222397","https://openalex.org/W1987139177","https://openalex.org/W1989178012","https://openalex.org/W2005434742","https://openalex.org/W2023006733","https://openalex.org/W2035313817","https://openalex.org/W2056149633","https://openalex.org/W2081024747","https://openalex.org/W2083046711","https://openalex.org/W2086107466","https://openalex.org/W2094267012","https://openalex.org/W2109485152","https://openalex.org/W2126129668","https://openalex.org/W2126186544","https://openalex.org/W2128296328","https://openalex.org/W2164740362","https://openalex.org/W2184091940","https://openalex.org/W2322248554","https://openalex.org/W2324289495","https://openalex.org/W2327423252","https://openalex.org/W2335564694","https://openalex.org/W2335864832","https://openalex.org/W2341560838","https://openalex.org/W2507151587","https://openalex.org/W2569999701","https://openalex.org/W2588385380","https://openalex.org/W2605542127","https://openalex.org/W2737577877","https://openalex.org/W2742119313","https://openalex.org/W2781689908","https://openalex.org/W2790590023","https://openalex.org/W2791080321","https://openalex.org/W2792643413","https://openalex.org/W2794680879","https://openalex.org/W2883242135","https://openalex.org/W2891717843","https://openalex.org/W2892015643","https://openalex.org/W2896195444","https://openalex.org/W2899686457","https://openalex.org/W2944200992","https://openalex.org/W2944718568","https://openalex.org/W2945336469","https://openalex.org/W2958051751","https://openalex.org/W2972305154","https://openalex.org/W3021710968","https://openalex.org/W3023790482","https://openalex.org/W3039234436","https://openalex.org/W3039321771","https://openalex.org/W3042872821","https://openalex.org/W3045657400","https://openalex.org/W3046718136","https://openalex.org/W3083801100","https://openalex.org/W3098196581","https://openalex.org/W3108982260","https://openalex.org/W3115928421","https://openalex.org/W3119108658","https://openalex.org/W3120842878","https://openalex.org/W3124055199","https://openalex.org/W3124631106","https://openalex.org/W3125410430","https://openalex.org/W3126122469","https://openalex.org/W3128415798","https://openalex.org/W3148316225","https://openalex.org/W3161763048","https://openalex.org/W3163777227","https://openalex.org/W3184535496","https://openalex.org/W3216372124","https://openalex.org/W4200419601","https://openalex.org/W4205946954","https://openalex.org/W4212841724","https://openalex.org/W4213240132","https://openalex.org/W4220690607","https://openalex.org/W4226207886","https://openalex.org/W4240903427","https://openalex.org/W4282545660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005434742","https://openalex.org/W4226207886","https://openalex.org/W3080275014","https://openalex.org/W4205902334","https://openalex.org/W2808608494","https://openalex.org/W7217254413","https://openalex.org/W7096066198","https://openalex.org/W4411381455","https://openalex.org/W7202333363","https://openalex.org/W4414230756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"According":[1],"to":[2,12,51,164,194,207,230],"the":[3,7,16,31,34,42,53,59,63,84,99,110,121,133,146,151,155,159,209,231],"upper":[4],"echelon's":[5],"theory,":[6],"decision\u2010making":[8,43],"process":[9],"in":[10,36,182,186,215],"regard":[11],"competitive":[13],"strategies":[14],"by":[15,234],"top":[17,37],"management":[18,38],"has":[19],"an":[20,205],"enduring":[21],"impact":[22,57,134],"on":[23,58,77,98],"firm":[24,156,223],"performance":[25,61,218],"(Hambrick":[26],"&":[27],"Mason,":[28],"1984).":[29],"Moreover,":[30],"attributes":[32],"of":[33,47,62,66,87,93,109,135,145,161,173,196,210],"individuals":[35],"may":[39],"also":[40],"affect":[41],"process.":[44],"The":[45,90,102,167],"purpose":[46],"this":[48,227],"research":[49,233],"is":[50,72,75,141,150,204],"analyze":[52],"board":[54,130,176,211,220,241],"gender":[55,118,136,177,212,242],"diversity":[56,119,137,178,213],"financial":[60],"non\u2010financial":[64,95],"companies":[65],"Pakistan.":[67],"Qualitative":[68],"comparative":[69],"analysis":[70],"(QCA)":[71],"employed":[73],"which":[74,162],"premised":[76],"Boolean":[78],"algebra":[79],"that":[80,195],"sets":[81],"foundation":[82],"for":[83,120,239],"theoretical":[85],"framework":[86],"complexity":[88],"theory.":[89],"sample":[91],"comprises":[92],"74":[94],"firms":[96],"listed":[97],"KSE\u2010100":[100],"Index.":[101],"results":[103,168],"are":[104],"modelled":[105],"as":[106,175],"a":[107,170,216,236],"component":[108],"intermediate":[111],"solutions":[112],"with":[113],"board\u2010":[114],"level":[115,131,157,221,224],"variables":[116],"and":[117,126,138,185,222],"outcome":[122],"variable":[123,153],"(i.e.,":[124],"EVA":[125],"Tobin's":[127],"Q).":[128],"From":[129],"variables,":[132,158],"foreign":[139],"directors":[140],"identified":[142],"among":[143],"most":[144],"combinations":[147],"whereas":[148],"leverage":[149],"prominent":[152],"within":[154],"boards":[160],"tend":[163],"be":[165],"small.":[166],"showed":[169],"heterogeneous":[171],"nature":[172],"response":[174],"exhibited":[179,190],"stronger":[180],"association":[181,192],"some":[183,187],"configurations":[184],"cases":[188],"it":[189],"weaker":[191],"similar":[193],"(Pandey":[197],"et":[198],"al.,":[199],"2022).":[200],"Originality:":[201],"This":[202],"study":[203],"attempt":[206],"explore":[208],"role":[214],"firm's":[217],"using":[219],"variables.":[225],"Therefore,":[226],"work":[228],"adds":[229],"prior":[232],"adding":[235],"complementarity\u2010based":[237],"methodology":[238],"analyzing":[240],"diversity.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2023-01-28T00:00:00"}