{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313477649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","title":"Algorithmic Elections","display_name":"Algorithmic Elections","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313477649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10598&context=mlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69429964","display_name":"Michigan Law Review","issn_l":"0026-2234","issn":["0026-2234","1939-8557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10598&context=mlr","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sarah Bender","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Bender","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5038,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96131239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"121.3","first_page":"489","last_page":"489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.018799999728798866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-elections","display_name":"artificial intelligence in elections","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/election-administration","display_name":"election administration","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-harms","display_name":"algorithmic harms","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistricting","display_name":"redistricting","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-rights","display_name":"voting rights","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disenfranchisement","display_name":"disenfranchisement","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-process","display_name":"democratic process","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-elections","display_name":"United States elections","score":0.7089999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.8337759971618652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6611891984939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5575733780860901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781381931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810004","display_name":"Election law","level":4,"score":0.5455661416053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780765947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531","display_name":"Administration (probate law)","level":2,"score":0.5341398119926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5212790966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4904761016368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48226144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5557375","display_name":"First-past-the-post voting","level":4,"score":0.4744357168674469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.4566977322101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117763746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281306","display_name":"Disapproval voting","level":4,"score":0.4219907224178314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143838007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611276","display_name":"Group voting ticket","level":4,"score":0.4124250113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.37829333543777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3687743544578552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28686463832855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27545204758644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.15342971682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1426902413368225}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10598&context=mlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69429964","display_name":"Michigan Law Review","issn_l":"0026-2234","issn":["0026-2234","1939-8557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.law.umich.edu:mlr-10598","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol121/iss3/5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10598&context=mlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69429964","display_name":"Michigan Law Review","issn_l":"0026-2234","issn":["0026-2234","1939-8557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313477649.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313477649.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888079606","https://openalex.org/W2898205349","https://openalex.org/W2929318754","https://openalex.org/W3009902067","https://openalex.org/W3129502177","https://openalex.org/W3137761476","https://openalex.org/W3154567801","https://openalex.org/W3163464838","https://openalex.org/W3164910542","https://openalex.org/W4200213258","https://openalex.org/W4220820301","https://openalex.org/W4394652124","https://openalex.org/W6600893489","https://openalex.org/W6810602495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135617379","https://openalex.org/W4412934088","https://openalex.org/W7217360688","https://openalex.org/W4403294841","https://openalex.org/W7216133079","https://openalex.org/W4416458808","https://openalex.org/W4406326206","https://openalex.org/W7140136289","https://openalex.org/W7128620701","https://openalex.org/W7165840176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3],"entered":[4],"election":[5,10,164],"administration.":[6],"Across":[7],"the":[8,59,72,109,124,162],"country,":[9],"officials":[11],"are":[12,32,116,147,168],"beginning":[13],"to":[14,18,135,170,178],"use":[15,70,130],"AI":[16,51],"systems":[17],"purge":[19],"voter":[20],"records,":[21],"verify":[22],"mail-in":[23],"ballots,":[24],"and":[25,40,54,78,92,98,133,151,174],"draw":[26],"district":[27],"lines.":[28],"Already,":[29],"these":[30,85,145],"technologies":[31,146],"having":[33],"a":[34,62],"profound":[35],"effect":[36],"on":[37,61],"voting":[38,93,134,180],"rights":[39,81],"democratic":[41,153],"processes.":[42,154],"However,":[43],"they":[44],"have":[45,57,95],"received":[46],"relatively":[47],"little":[48],"attention":[49],"from":[50,68,144],"experts,":[52],"advocates,":[53],"policymakers.":[55],"Scholars":[56],"sounded":[58],"alarm":[60],"variety":[63],"of":[64,84,112,128,161],"\u201calgorithmic":[65,113],"harms\u201d":[66],"resulting":[67,143],"AI\u2019s":[69,129],"in":[71,90,119,131],"criminal":[73],"justice":[74],"system,":[75],"employment,":[76],"healthcare,":[77],"other":[79],"civil":[80],"domains.":[82],"Many":[83],"same":[86],"algorithmic":[87,141],"harms":[88,142],"manifest":[89],"elections":[91,132],"but":[94],"been":[96],"underexplored":[97],"remain":[99],"unaddressed.":[100],"This":[101,122],"Note":[102],"offers":[103],"three":[104],"contributions.":[105],"First,":[106],"it":[107,138,156],"documents":[108],"various":[110],"forms":[111],"decisionmaking\u201d":[114],"that":[115,167],"currently":[117],"present":[118],"U.S.":[120,163],"elections.":[121],"is":[123],"most":[125],"comprehensive":[126],"survey":[127],"date.":[136],"Second,":[137],"explains":[139],"how":[140],"disenfranchising":[148],"eligible":[149],"voters":[150],"disrupting":[152],"Finally,":[155],"identifies":[157],"several":[158],"unique":[159],"characteristics":[160],"administration":[165],"system":[166],"likely":[169],"complicate":[171],"reform":[172],"efforts":[173],"must":[175],"be":[176],"addressed":[177],"safeguard":[179],"rights.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}
