{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313402115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","title":"Finite Element Analysis of Different Infill Patterns for 3D Printed Tidal Turbine Blade","display_name":"Finite Element Analysis of Different Infill Patterns for 3D Printed Tidal Turbine Blade","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313402115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15010713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/713/pdf?version=1672904674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/713/pdf?version=1672904674","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031483343","display_name":"Glecelyn M. Galvez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glecelyn M. Galvez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030387623","display_name":"Karl Andrie M. Olivar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl Andrie M. Olivar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028589375","display_name":"Francis Rey G. Tolentino","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Rey G. Tolentino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086904183","display_name":"Louis Angelo M. Danao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4196-2209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4196-2209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Louis Angelo M. Danao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4196-2209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074151635","display_name":"Binoe E. Abuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4024-8049","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4024-8049"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binoe E. Abuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086904183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":0.674,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64958849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"713","last_page":"713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.8765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.8765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tidal-turbine-blades","display_name":"tidal turbine blades","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infill-pattern","display_name":"infill pattern","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-structures","display_name":"lattice structures","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hexagonal-lattice","display_name":"hexagonal lattice","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representative-volume-element","display_name":"representative volume element","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogenized-material-properties","display_name":"homogenized material properties","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blade-deflection","display_name":"blade deflection","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-point-bending","display_name":"three-point bending","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-manufacturing","display_name":"additive manufacturing","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infill-orientation","display_name":"infill orientation","score":0.6809999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781219549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811475","display_name":"Infill","level":2,"score":0.8892484307289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776698545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374641","display_name":"Spar","level":2,"score":0.8407356142997742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.6766905784606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.6454726457595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.581576943397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.49560368061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.44465121626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20381859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829511","display_name":"Turbine blade","level":3,"score":0.4291335940361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3887655735015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.3628346920013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28712695837020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1445116102695465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15010713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/713/pdf?version=1672904674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:713-:d:1021083","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/713/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su15010713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/713/pdf?version=1672904674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326716","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/05tgxx705"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313402115.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313402115.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1022778776","https://openalex.org/W1716174371","https://openalex.org/W1987113477","https://openalex.org/W2047277230","https://openalex.org/W2074243990","https://openalex.org/W2248769346","https://openalex.org/W2286645921","https://openalex.org/W2556657528","https://openalex.org/W2561863600","https://openalex.org/W2610471325","https://openalex.org/W2738015792","https://openalex.org/W2765367911","https://openalex.org/W2767955783","https://openalex.org/W2783656653","https://openalex.org/W2792181142","https://openalex.org/W2796424660","https://openalex.org/W2900825806","https://openalex.org/W2900951603","https://openalex.org/W2915998740","https://openalex.org/W2942343496","https://openalex.org/W3095578584","https://openalex.org/W3157758322","https://openalex.org/W3174263640","https://openalex.org/W3210350504","https://openalex.org/W4221043163","https://openalex.org/W4239248320","https://openalex.org/W4251716269","https://openalex.org/W4252207400","https://openalex.org/W6796789887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229364042","https://openalex.org/W2031289439","https://openalex.org/W2356200252","https://openalex.org/W2366018118","https://openalex.org/W2016723836","https://openalex.org/W2084222973","https://openalex.org/W2393367964","https://openalex.org/W2741172083","https://openalex.org/W4210435391","https://openalex.org/W3118841309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119,143,196],"fabrication":[1],"route":[2],"for":[3,29],"tidal":[4,116],"turbine":[5,55,117],"blades":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"compounded":[9],"with":[10,16,158,178],"the":[11,17,44,50,53,62,74,81,99,103,109,115,125,128,140,146,149,153,168,175,183,193,200,204,208,214,225],"appearance":[12],"of":[13,19,23,52,69,72,102,127,137,139,162,174,199,207,216],"additive":[14],"manufacturing;":[15],"use":[18],"infill":[20,46,76,83,151,185,201,228],"patterns,":[21],"improvement":[22],"mechanical":[24],"strength":[25,170,173],"and":[26,40,49,152,171],"material":[27],"reduction":[28],"3D":[30],"printed":[31],"parts":[32],"can":[33],"be":[34],"obtained.":[35],"Through":[36],"finite":[37],"element":[38,90],"analysis":[39],"three-point":[41],"bend":[42],"tests,":[43],"optimal":[45,227],"lattice":[47],"pattern,":[48],"viability":[51],"shell\u2013infill":[54,120],"blade":[56,135,141,209],"model":[57,65,121,131],"as":[58,80,188],"an":[59],"alternative":[60,191],"to":[61,114,192,203],"conventional":[63],"shell-spar":[64,130],"was":[66,78,91,122,156,166,186,210,224],"determined.":[67],"Out":[68],"a":[70,134,159,189],"selection":[71],"infills,":[73],"best":[75,197],"pattern":[77,84],"determined":[79,187],"hexagonal":[82,105],"oriented":[85],"in-plane.":[86],"A":[87],"representative":[88],"volume":[89,126],"modeled":[92],"in":[93,98,145],"ANSYS":[94],"Material":[95],"Designer,":[96],"resulting":[97],"homogenized":[100,110,150,184],"properties":[101,111],"in-plane":[104],"lattice.":[106],"After":[107],"validation,":[108],"were":[112],"applied":[113],"blade.":[118],"based":[123],"on":[124],"final":[129],"which":[132,165],"had":[133],"deflection":[136,147],"9.720%":[138],"length.":[142],"difference":[144],"between":[148],"spar":[154,194],"cross-section":[155],"0.00125%":[157],"maximum":[160],"stress":[161],"170.3":[163],"MPa":[164],"within":[167],"tensile":[169],"flexure":[172],"carbon":[176],"fiber":[177],"onyx":[179],"base":[180],"material.":[181],"Conclusively,":[182],"suitable":[190],"cross-section.":[195],"orientation":[198,206],"relative":[202],"horizontal":[205],"0":[211,222],"degrees;":[212],"however,":[213],"lack":[215],"trend":[217],"made":[218],"it":[219],"inconclusive":[220],"whether":[221],"degrees":[223],"absolute":[226],"orientation.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}