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THE OVERARCHING GOAL OF THE EXPORTS PROGRAM IS TO DEVELOP MECHANISTIC MODELS PREDICTING THE STRENGTH AND EFFICIENCY OF THIS EXPORTED CARBON. A CENTRAL REQUIREMENT ONE MIGHT ARGUE THE CENTRAL REQUIREMENT OF THE AMBITIOUS SET OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SATELLITE-DRIVEN MODELS IS ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF SINKING PARTICLE FLUXES AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. THESE MEASUREMENTS MUST BE EMBEDDED IN A BROADER SUITE OF PHYSICAL  BIOLOGICAL  AND OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS  SO A SECOND REQUIREMENT IS THAT THE TEAM QUANTIFYING PARTICLE FLUX COOPERATES AND WORKS CLOSELY WITH THE BROADER EXPORTS SCIENCE TEAM. HERE  WE PROPOSE A HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN STUDY OF PARTICLE FLUXES THAT BOTH ADVANCES OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE OCEAN BIOLOGICAL CARBON PUMP AND MEETS THE BROADER PROGRAM GOALS ABOVE. THE BROAD HYPOTHESIS OF THE EXPORTS PROGRAM IS THAT THE STRENGTH AND EFFICIENCY OF THE BIOLOGICAL CARBON PUMP CAN BE PREDICTED FROM SATELLITE OCEAN COLOR OBSERVATIONS. IMPLICIT IN THIS HYPOTHESIS ARE A NUMBER OF ASSUMPTIONS WHICH MUST BE TESTED. THE SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES WE WILL ADDRESS ARE 1) THAT THE BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF THE PARTICLES SINKING OUT OF THE EUPHOTIC ZONE EXERTS SIGNIFICANT CONTROL ON BOTH THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SINKING CARBON FLUX AND ITS RATE OF ATTENUATION WITH DEPTH; AND 2) THAT TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN THE MAGNITUDE AND ATTENUATION OF SINKING PARTICLE FLUX IS CAUSED BY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC17K0662","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6222145443","display_name":"PARTICLE SIZE HAS FUNDAMENTAL CONTROL ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF PARTICULATE CARBON IN THE UPPER OCEAN. STOKES  LAW STATES THAT PARTICLES WITH LARGER EFFECTIVE DIAMETERS (D) WILL SINK FASTER THAN SMALLER ONES DETERMINING WHETHER PARTICLES ARE EFFECTIVELY SUSPENDED WITHIN THE WATER COLUMN (D<~100  M) OR ARE SINKING (D>~500 M). NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP) ENTERS PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS AS SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND THESE PARTICLES (ALONG WITH CDOM) CONTROL THE OCEAN S OPTICAL PROPERTIES. FURTHER  SINKING PARTICLES UNDERGO MANY BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN THEIR SIZE  COMPOSITION AND SINKING VELOCITY AS THEY TRANSIT FROM THE SURFACE OCEAN  REGULATING CARBON EXPORT AND REMINERALIZATION PROFILES. THIS POINTS TO THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PSD) IN PREDICTING THE FATE OF NPP  THE CENTRAL GOAL OF EXPORTS. WE PROPOSE TO ANSWER FOUR SCIENCE QUESTIONS TO DEVELOP A PREDICTIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PSD FOR BOTH SUSPENDED AND SINKING PARTICLES. 1. HOW DO THE ABUNDANCE  COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PARTICLE SOURCE MATERIALS REGULATE THE PSD FOR SMALLER  OPTICALLY RELEVANT PARTICLE SIZES? 2. HOW DO SOURCE PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS AS WELL AS BIOTIC / ABIOTIC INTERACTIONS ON SINKING PARTICLES REGULATE THE PSD FOR LARGER  CARBON EXPORT RELEVANT PARTICLE SIZES? 3. CAN THE COMBINED SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR SUSPENDED AND SINKING PARTICLES BE MODELED USING OPTICAL DATA AND IN PARTICULAR FROM SATELLITE OCEAN COLOR OBSERVATIONS? 4. HOW DO ENERGY AND CARBON DERIVED FROM PHYTOPLANKTON NPP CASCADE THROUGH THE PARTICLE SIZE SPECTRUM? THESE FOUR SCIENCE QUESTIONS ADDRESS ASPECTS OF MANY OF THE EXPORTS SCIENCE QUESTIONS (SQ) AND ANSWERS SQ1C AND SQ1D DIRECTLY. WE PROPOSE AN INTEGRATED RESEARCH PROGRAM OF IN SITU OPTICAL AND IMAGERY OBSERVATION (SIEGEL  NELSON  MCDONNELL)  AT-SEA CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPERIMENTATION ON COLLECTED AGGREGATES (PASSOW) AND NUMERICAL MODELING (BURD  SIEGEL). ADVANCES IN NEARFORWARD ANGLE LIGHT SCATTER (LISST) AND IN SITU IMAGING (UVP) ENABLE HIGH-RESOLUTION PROFILES OF THE PSD FOR BOTH SUSPENDED AND SINKING PARTICULATES. INHERENT OPTICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES WILL BE MONITORED SIMULTANEOUSLY TO CHARACTERIZE SUSPENDED PARTICLE COMPOSITION AND OCEANIC CONTEXT. WE WILL COLLECT SINKING AGGREGATES USING THE MARINE SNOW CATCHER TO CHARACTERIZE THEIR ECOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS THEIR DECOMPOSITION RATES  ALL OF WHICH ARE NEEDED FOR MODELING. THE ASSEMBLED DATA SET WILL BE THE BASIS OF MECHANISTIC NUMERICAL MODELS THAT TRANSFORM THE COMBINED PSD AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND ECOSYSTEM / CARBON CYCLING STATE. WE WILL TEST RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOURCE MATERIALS (PHYTOPLANKTON  ZOOPLANKTON FECES  ETC.) AND BIOTIC (ZOOPLANKTON GRAZING  ETC.) AND ABIOTIC (TURBULENCE  DENSITY GRADIENTS  ETC.) DISRUPTERS OF AGGREGATE DISTRIBUTIONS. DATA AVAILABLE FROM OTHER EXPORTS INVESTIGATIONS (PARTICLE EXPORT&COMPOSITION  PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE&COMPOSITION  NPP  ETC.) WILL BE INCORPORATED AS NEEDED. FOR EXAMPLE  WE WILL ASSESS THE SINKING VELOCITY SIZE SPECTRUM USING COLLECTED TRAP SAMPLES AND OUR PSD MEASUREMENTS AS WELL AS SPATIOTEMPORAL VALIDATED FIELDS OF PARTICLE EXPORT FLUXES AND PSD TRANSFORMATIONS FROM INVERSE MODELING. THESE DATA PRODUCTS AND MODELS WILL BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE EXPORTS SCIENCE TEAM AND BEYOND. OUR PROPOSAL RESPONDS PRIMARILY TO SECTION 3.1.2.2 (COLLECTION&ANALYSIS OF FIELD DATA) OF THE 2016 ROSES A3 SOLICITATION  BUT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO SECTIONS 3.1.2.1 (DEVELOPMENT OF RS DATA PRODUCTS) AND 3.1.2.3 (DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS). LAST  THE LEAD-PI (SIEGEL) IS APPLYING TO BE THE EXPORTS SCIENCE LEAD.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC17K0692","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7054576473","display_name":"THIS PROPOSAL RESPONDS TO THE AMENDMENT A.3. OBB CALL FOR THE EXPORTS FIELD CAMPAIGN. USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA TO PREDICT EXPORT AND FATE OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP) IN A GIVEN REGION AND TIME REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DRIVERS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. THE EXPORTS SCIENCE PLAN CHARACTERIZES 5 PATHWAYS FOR THE EXPORT OF NPP FROM THE SURFACE OCEAN INTO THE INTERIOR  TWO OF WHICH ARE MEDIATED BY MESOZOOPLANKTON: PRODUCTION AND SINKING OF FECAL PELLETS  AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT BY VERTICAL MIGRATION.  WE PROPOSE TO ADDRESS EXPORTS SCIENCE QUESTIONS SQT (TA AND TB) AND SQ2 (2A  B  D) BY CONDUCTING FIELD-BASED  PROCESS STUDIES OF MESOZOOPLANKTON-MEDIATED EXPORT IN THE NE PACIFIC AND N ATLANTIC OCEANS. THE GUIDING HYPOTHESIS IS THAT CHANGES IN PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND NPP AFFECT ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE  BIOMASS  SIZE  AND TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE  ALL OF WHICH CONTROLS AND SCALES TO EXPORT IN A QUANTIFIABLE AND PREDICTABLE WAY. SATELLITE OBSERVABLES AND DATA PRODUCTS  INCLUDING EUPHOTIC ZONE PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND FUNCTIONAL TYPE  PARTICLE SIZE SPECTRUM  LIGHT ATTENUATION  AND TEMPERATURE WILL BE USED TO PREDICT ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE  AND IN TURN ZOOPLANKTON-MEDIATED EXPORT  SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCING OUR ABILITY TO PREDICT EXPORT AND FATE OF NPP.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC17K0654","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8535509796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC21K0015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security 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