{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313375326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","title":"Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities","display_name":"Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities","publication_year":1954,"publication_date":"1954-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313375326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","mag":"1509801985","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13201758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38008053","display_name":"The Journal of Immunology","issn_l":"0022-1767","issn":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800377","host_organization_name":"American Association of Immunologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800377"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Immunologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001530959","display_name":"Seymour P. Halbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096498","display_name":"Presbyterian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00n2w1t65","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321404777","https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seymour P Halbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089812658","display_name":"Constance Sonn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096498","display_name":"Presbyterian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00n2w1t65","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321404777","https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constance Sonn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018813733","display_name":"Lois Swick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096498","display_name":"Presbyterian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00n2w1t65","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321404777","https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lois Swick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital From the , and the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096498","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9221,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87461592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"169","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":0.7577999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":0.7577999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10252","display_name":"Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis","score":0.07919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11103","display_name":"Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities","score":0.03020000085234642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-bacterial-infection","display_name":"mixed bacterial infection","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-septicum","display_name":"Clostridium septicum","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-gangrene","display_name":"gas gangrene","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-prophylaxis","display_name":"antibiotic prophylaxis","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.8468396663665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777675962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288263","display_name":"Clostridium septicum","level":2,"score":0.8372564315795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.672310471534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6622077226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.5407266020774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775959528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1495085","display_name":"Gas gangrene","level":2,"score":0.5235002636909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.5004377365112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1954952","display_name":"Micrococcus","level":3,"score":0.48105597496032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781092032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327663","display_name":"Clostridium","level":3,"score":0.44722098112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.05581241846084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003015","descriptor_name":"Clostridium Infections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008837","descriptor_name":"Micrococcus","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D052557","descriptor_name":"Clostridium septicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.73.3.169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38008053","display_name":"The Journal of Immunology","issn_l":"0022-1767","issn":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800377","host_organization_name":"American Association of Immunologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800377"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Immunologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:13201758","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13201758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1509801985","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13201758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2316025118","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19552700538.html","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509801985","https://openalex.org/W1531493821","https://openalex.org/W2078874296","https://openalex.org/W2465954437","https://openalex.org/W2069787418","https://openalex.org/W2124830983","https://openalex.org/W2075382300","https://openalex.org/W2109783881","https://openalex.org/W2041361405","https://openalex.org/W2418890112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"A":[1],"high":[2],"degree":[3,129,174],"of":[4,15,23,37,51,56,65,81,95,130,175,184,202,212,240],"protection":[5,42,101,176],"was":[6,29,102],"obtained":[7,30,103],"by":[8],"antibiotic-producing":[9,186],"Micrococcus":[10],"pyogenes":[11],"var.":[12],"albus":[13],"strains":[14,64,83],"the":[16,79,87,93,106,163,182,185,194,200,203,213,231],"human":[17,232],"ocular":[18],"microflora":[19],"in":[20,48,57,60,78,86,181],"mixed":[21],"infections":[22],"mice":[24],"with":[25,47,63],"Clostridium":[26,107],"septicum.":[27],"Protection":[28],"against":[31,105,177],"at":[32,159],"least":[33],"1,000":[34],"LD50":[35],"doses":[36],"this":[38,71],"latter":[39,122],"organism.":[40],"The":[41,121,225],"is":[43],"most":[44],"probably":[45],"associated":[46],"vivo":[49,61],"secretion":[50],"functioning":[52],"antibiotics.":[53],"Strong":[54],"correlation":[55],"vitro":[58],"and":[59,110,145],"results":[62],"varying":[66],"antibiotic":[67,152],"properties":[68],"points":[69],"to":[70,74,84,90,127,133,147,170],"conclusion.":[72],"Failure":[73],"observe":[75],"any":[76],"differences":[77],"abilities":[80,132],"these":[82,149],"survive":[85],"tissues":[88],"tends":[89],"rule":[91],"out":[92],"possibility":[94],"nonspecific":[96],"factors":[97],"being":[98],"operative.":[99],"Solid":[100],"both":[104],"septicum":[108,165,196],"spores":[109],"vegetative":[111],"cells.":[112],"Living":[113],"micrococci":[114,157,187],"were":[115,154],"more":[116],"protective":[117],"than":[118],"heat-killed":[119],"organisms.":[120],"apparently":[123],"owe":[124],"their":[125],"small":[126,173],"moderate":[128],"prophylactic":[131],"strongly":[134,228],"adsorbed":[135],"or":[136,190],"intracellular":[137],"antibiotic.":[138],"This":[139],"could":[140],"not":[141,207],"be":[142],"washed":[143],"off,":[144],"attempts":[146],"grow":[148],"organisms":[150],"without":[151],"production":[153],"failures.":[155],"Antibiotic-producing":[156],"injected":[158,215],"sites":[160],"removed":[161],"from":[162],"Cl.":[164,195],"inoculation":[166],"site,":[167],"also":[168],"seemed":[169],"confer":[171],"a":[172,237],"lethal":[178],"outcome.":[179],"Delay":[180],"injection":[183],"until":[188],"2":[189],"5":[191,217],"hours":[192,218],"after":[193,216],"inoculum,":[197],"greatly":[198],"reduced":[199],"effectiveness":[201],"protection,":[204],"but":[205],"did":[206],"completely":[208],"eliminate":[209],"it.":[210],"Some":[211],"animals":[214],"had":[219],"already":[220],"developed":[221],"local":[222],"gas":[223],"gangrene.":[224],"data":[226],"presented":[227],"indicate":[229],"that":[230],"bacterial":[233],"flora":[234],"may":[235],"represent":[236],"rich":[238],"source":[239],"potentially":[241],"valuable":[242],"antibiotics":[243],"for":[244],"certain":[245],"limited":[246],"infections.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}