{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313358908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","title":"In silico design of a universal carrier protein: A potential solution to the variable immunogenicity observed in past vaccines against drugs of abuse","display_name":"In silico design of a universal carrier protein: A potential solution to the variable immunogenicity observed in past vaccines against drugs of abuse","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313358908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38008053","display_name":"The Journal of Immunology","issn_l":"0022-1767","issn":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800377","host_organization_name":"American Association of Immunologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800377"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Immunologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064731171","display_name":"Kyle Saylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-2180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-2180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Lucas Saylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech","1Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049940078","display_name":"Ben Donnan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Donnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech","1Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101480352","display_name":"Chenming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6770-5334","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6770-5334"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech","1Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"204","issue":"1_Supplement","first_page":"169.2","last_page":"169.2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10911","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mhc-class-ii-epitopes","display_name":"MHC class II epitopes","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-vaccines","display_name":"conjugate vaccines","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholera-toxin-b-subunit","display_name":"cholera toxin B subunit","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-addiction-treatment","display_name":"drug addiction treatment","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-silico-epitope-prediction","display_name":"in silico epitope prediction","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195616568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128711","display_name":"Epitope","level":3,"score":0.6932754516601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780868878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660197","display_name":"Immunogenicity","level":3,"score":0.6586791276931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.5453060269355774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207936829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423163","display_name":"Major histocompatibility complex","level":3,"score":0.5034412741661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48233935236930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775905019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192572","display_name":"In silico","level":3,"score":0.4772491455078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.41157686710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.4077025055885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.29027679562568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.270449161529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19883280992507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.10568010807037354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38008053","display_name":"The Journal of Immunology","issn_l":"0022-1767","issn":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800377","host_organization_name":"American Association of Immunologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800377"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Immunologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8500000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2472338141","https://openalex.org/W4220985277","https://openalex.org/W2198157849","https://openalex.org/W2951118918","https://openalex.org/W2999238904","https://openalex.org/W2889961731","https://openalex.org/W2103386374","https://openalex.org/W3012247520","https://openalex.org/W4313359579","https://openalex.org/W1517413224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Vaccines":[1],"against":[2],"drugs":[3],"of":[4,16,29,51,61,89,117,162,199,245],"abuse":[5],"(VADAs)":[6],"show":[7,41],"promise":[8],"as":[9],"a":[10,133,138,196],"possible":[11],"therapeutic":[12],"for":[13,92,167,182],"the":[14,27,33,49,58,87,113,154,163,170,200,207,242],"alleviation":[15],"addiction":[17],"due":[18,44],"to":[19,22,40,45,73,83,97,111,126,136,205,234,254],"their":[20],"ability":[21],"modulate":[23],"intake":[24],"behavior":[25],"via":[26],"altering":[28],"drug":[30],"pharmacokinetics.":[31],"In":[32],"past,":[34],"however,":[35],"these":[36,188],"vaccines":[37],"have":[38],"failed":[39],"clinical":[42,128],"efficacy":[43],"extensive":[46],"variability":[47],"in":[48,80,124,176,247,257],"magnitude":[50],"antibody":[52],"response":[53,81],"between":[54],"individual":[55],"vaccinees.":[56],"Correspondingly,":[57],"future":[59,107,258],"success":[60],"VADAs":[62,108],"hinges":[63],"directly":[64],"on":[65,144],"whether":[66],"or":[67],"not":[68],"researchers":[69],"can":[70],"find":[71],"ways":[72],"engineer":[74,137],"more":[75],"broadly":[76,139,250],"effective":[77,140,251],"vaccines.":[78],"Differences":[79],"must,":[82],"some":[84],"extent,":[85],"be":[86,255],"result":[88],"variable":[90],"capacities":[91],"each":[93],"individual\u2019s":[94],"immune":[95],"system":[96],"process":[98],"and/or":[99],"present":[100,241],"antigens.":[101],"As":[102],"such,":[103],"we":[104,131],"speculate":[105],"that":[106],"will":[109],"need":[110],"target":[112],"three":[114],"key":[115],"stages":[116],"vaccine":[118,178],"processing,":[119,121],"recognition,":[120],"and":[122,157,190,227,231],"presentation,":[123],"order":[125],"achieve":[127],"effectiveness.":[129],"Here,":[130],"describe":[132],"project":[134],"aiming":[135],"carrier":[141,173,252],"protein":[142,253],"based":[143],"this":[145],"concept.":[146],"Using":[147],"haplotype":[148],"frequency":[149],"data":[150],"provided":[151],"by":[152],"Be":[153],"Match,":[155],"HLA-DQ":[156],"-DR":[158],"haplotypes":[159,189],"covering":[160],"99%":[161],"population":[164],"were":[165,180,216],"selected":[166],"analysis.":[168],"Next,":[169],"most":[171,208],"common":[172],"proteins":[174],"used":[175,204,256],"conjugate":[177],"formulations":[179],"analyzed":[181],"MHC":[183,210],"II":[184,211],"epitope":[185],"content":[186],"using":[187,220],"NetMHCIIPan":[191],"3.2":[192],"prediction":[193,201],"software.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"modified":[197],"version":[198],"output":[202],"was":[203],"excise":[206],"likely":[209],"epitopes.":[212],"The":[213],"highest-ranked":[214],"epitopes":[215],"then":[217],"stitched":[218],"together":[219],"linkers":[221],"designed":[222],"with":[223],"chemical":[224],"conjugation":[225],"sites":[226],"cathepsin":[228],"cleavage":[229],"sequences":[230],"subsequently":[232],"tethered":[233],"cholera":[235],"toxin":[236],"subunit":[237],"B.":[238],"These":[239],"results":[240],"successful":[243],"design":[244],"an":[246],"silico":[248],"derived,":[249],"VADA":[259],"formulations.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}