{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312088178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652","title":"Potential for Re\u2010Identifying Brain PET Research Participants using Face Recognition","display_name":"Potential for Re\u2010Identifying Brain PET Research Participants using Face Recognition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312088178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.063652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059557996","display_name":"Christopher G. Schwarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-8357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-8357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher G. Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055499310","display_name":"Walter K. Kremers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-3473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-3473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter K. Kremers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001313680","display_name":"Val J. Lowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5612-1667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5612-1667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Val J. Lowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057959136","display_name":"Marios Savvides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6534-4269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6534-4269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios Savvides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013894575","display_name":"Jeffrey L. Gunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-9078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-9078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey L. Gunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050718938","display_name":"Matthew L. Senjem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9308-9275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9308-9275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew L. Senjem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043921358","display_name":"Prashanthi Vemuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-0589","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-0589"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashanthi Vemuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077933873","display_name":"Kejal Kantarci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-2081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-2081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejal Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059027860","display_name":"David S. Knopman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-066X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-066X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Knopman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110342810","display_name":"Ronald Carl Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-6601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-6601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald C. Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005099850","display_name":"Clifford R. Jack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-622X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-622X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford R. Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059557996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20164176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"S1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.22200000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.22200000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.2070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.156700000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition","display_name":"face recognition","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/re-identification","display_name":"re-identification","score":0.7160000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775842073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376","display_name":"Positron emission tomography","level":2,"score":0.49374088644981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4834800362586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.44411057233810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.43428486585617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3987847864627838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3852696418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33527857065200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.063652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.063652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281845985","https://openalex.org/W4390196961","https://openalex.org/W4406223469","https://openalex.org/W4401961238","https://openalex.org/W3112171127","https://openalex.org/W3131252163","https://openalex.org/W2982036758","https://openalex.org/W4406223558","https://openalex.org/W4406223728","https://openalex.org/W2125749131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Studies":[2],"of":[3,56,92,169,200],"aging":[4],"and":[5,11,16,36,66,75,108,155,162,175,193,219,240,263,270,291,331],"dementia":[6],"often":[7,79],"acquire":[8],"brain":[9,34],"MRI":[10,35,217],"PET":[12,48,68,115,122,147,184,205,255,301,325],"images,":[13],"then":[14],"de\u2010identify":[15,138],"share":[17],"these":[18,88,98],"widely":[19],"with":[20,47,90,101,143,186,204,268,289],"other":[21],"researchers.":[22],"It":[23],"is":[24],"known":[25],"that":[26],"research":[27],"participants":[28],"can":[29],"potentially":[30],"be":[31],"re\u2010identified":[32],"from":[33,70,104,114,207,253,300],"CT":[37,105,117,220,330],"using":[38,59,178,309,319],"face":[39,53,82,102,112,126,151,202,231,312,320,344],"recognition,":[40],"but":[41,222],"this":[42],"has":[43],"not":[44,124],"been":[45],"tested":[46],"imaging.":[49],"Method":[50],"We":[51,95,128,149],"generated":[52],"reconstruction":[54],"images":[55,256,265,302,326],"182":[57],"volunteers":[58],"their":[60,93],"existing":[61],"amyloid":[62,183,250],"(PiB),":[63],"tau":[64],"(FTP),":[65],"FDG":[67],"scans":[69,185],"clinical":[71],"GE":[72],"PET/CT":[73],"scanners,":[74],"we":[76,166],"measured":[77,150,167],"how":[78],"commercial":[80],"automatic":[81,336],"recognition":[83,113,152,203,232,313,345],"(Microsoft":[84],"Azure)":[85],"correctly":[86],"matched":[87],"reconstructions":[89,103,299],"photographs":[91],"faces.":[94],"additionally":[96],"compared":[97],"match":[99],"rates":[100,153],"(from":[106],"PET/CT)":[107],"MRI.":[109,163,243,333],"When":[110],"testing":[111],"scans,":[116],"was":[118],"used":[119],"only":[120],"during":[121],"reconstruction,":[123],"for":[125,146,225,235,238,242,306,343],"recognition.":[127],"also":[129],"validated":[130],"our":[131],"updated":[132],"mri_reface":[133,158,229,244,337],"software,":[134],"originally":[135],"developed":[136],"to":[137,159,233,329],"(\u201cde\u2010face\u201d)":[139],"faces":[140],"in":[141,327],"MRI,":[142],"new":[144],"support":[145],"images.":[148],"before":[154],"after":[156],"applying":[157],"PET,":[160,236],"CT,":[161,239],"In":[164],"addition,":[165],"effects":[168],"de\u2010facing":[170],"on":[171,248,280,324],"biomarker":[172],"measurements":[173,252],"(global":[174],"regional":[176],"SUVR)":[177],"244":[179],"ADNI":[180,254],"Florbetapir":[181],"(FBP)":[182],"two":[187],"automated":[188],"pipelines:":[189],"FreeSurfer":[190],"6.0":[191],"(PETSurfer)":[192],"an":[194],"in\u2010house":[195],"SPM12\u2010based":[196],"pipeline.":[197],"Result":[198],"Rates":[199],"successful":[201],"ranged":[206],"32\u201041%":[208],"(Table":[209],"1)":[210],"across":[211,276],"tracers.":[212],"These":[213],"were":[214,266],"lower":[215],"than":[216],"(98%)":[218],"(78%)":[221],"still":[223],"concerning":[224],"participant":[226],"privacy.":[227],"Using":[228],"reduced":[230,340],"0\u20103.5%":[234],"5%":[237],"8%":[241],"had":[245,284],"little":[246],"effect":[247],"global":[249],"SUVR":[251,349],"(Figure":[257],"1).":[258],"ICC":[259,285],"values":[260,286],"between":[261],"original":[262],"de\u2010faced":[264],"1.00":[267],"biases":[269,290],"median":[271,292],"absolute":[272,293],"differences":[273,294],"<":[274,295],"0.5%,":[275],"both":[277],"pipelines.":[278],"Effects":[279],"individual":[281],"regions":[282],"all":[283],">":[287],"0.98":[288],"2%.":[296],"Conclusion":[297],"Face":[298],"have":[303],"sufficient":[304],"quality":[305],"potential":[307,342],"re\u2010identification":[308],"publicly":[310],"available":[311],"technology.":[314],"Research":[315],"studies":[316],"should":[317],"consider":[318],"de\u2010identification":[321],"(de\u2010facing)":[322],"software":[323,338],"addition":[328],"structural":[332],"Our":[334],"free,":[335],"greatly":[339],"the":[341],"without":[346],"substantially":[347],"affecting":[348],"measurements.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2023-01-04T00:00:00"}