{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312086402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857","title":"Unsupervised learning on electronic health records to uncover heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","display_name":"Unsupervised learning on electronic health records to uncover heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312086402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.068857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Matthew West","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew West","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004073842","display_name":"Colin Magdamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-4630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-4630"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin G. Magdamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042247598","display_name":"Alberto Serrano\u2010Pozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0899-7530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0899-7530"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Serrano\u2010Pozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006645872","display_name":"Deborah Blacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-7376","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-7376"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Blacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068688487","display_name":"Bradley T. Hyman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-9401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-9401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley T. Hyman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062048275","display_name":"Sudeshna Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-6811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-6811","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1544-8057","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7144-4190"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeshna Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11040546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"S11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5752000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5752000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.4171999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/related-dementias","display_name":"related dementias","score":0.8309999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.7229260206222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5582705736160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.547950267791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.477830171585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.46252474188804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45907872915267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.45251113176345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45827449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270338","display_name":"Diagnosis code","level":3,"score":0.43660327792167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.42082923650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127808970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385989","display_name":"Bonferroni correction","level":2,"score":0.4156498610973358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34357550740242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3235076069831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.16885843873023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.13084456324577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12246561050415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11157152056694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.068857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.068857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409003461","https://openalex.org/W4393903419","https://openalex.org/W3036560228","https://openalex.org/W4200344262","https://openalex.org/W2980854764","https://openalex.org/W4253342337","https://openalex.org/W4221164096","https://openalex.org/W7131670665","https://openalex.org/W4404622709","https://openalex.org/W3088033826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[2,320],"Disease":[3,321],"(AD)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,40,56,92,241,315],"heterogenous":[7],"disease":[8,12,51,221,268,338],"with":[9,22,100,212,274,319],"distinct":[10],"etiologies,":[11],"courses,":[13],"and/or":[14],"age":[15],"of":[16,42,97,133,159,208,215,261,317,337,350],"onset,":[17],"which":[18],"may":[19],"be":[20],"associated":[21,115],"different":[23],"clinical":[24,367],"features.":[25],"Here,":[26],"we":[27,147,294,328],"aim":[28],"to":[29,46,120,138,298,310,330],"use":[30],"unsupervised":[31],"learning":[32],"techniques":[33],"on":[34,180],"electronic":[35],"health":[36],"records":[37],"(EHRs)":[38],"from":[39,302],"group":[41,316],"memory":[43,77,110],"clinic":[44],"patients":[45,99,209,318],"characterize":[47,311,332],"heterogeneity":[48,313],"in":[49,124,308,314,335],"this":[50,292],"population.":[52],"Method":[53],"We":[54,89,187],"identify":[55,188],"patient":[57,122,141,150,200,312],"dataset":[58,194],"(N":[59,94,222,227,235,249,269,280,287],"=":[60,95,223,228,236,250,270,281,288],"9,249)":[61],"within":[62,162,191,198],"the":[63,76,125,140,192,199,204,253,296,326],"Mass":[64],"General":[65],"Brigham":[66],"(MGB)":[67],"system":[68],"who":[69],"had":[70],"at":[71,75,85,101],"least":[72,102],"two":[73],"encounters":[74],"clinic,":[78],"and":[79,128,155,174,195,219,231,265,272,276,283,305,322,340],"were":[80,257],"50":[81],"years":[82],"or":[83],"older":[84],"their":[86,181],"last":[87],"visit.":[88],"also":[90],"define":[91],"subset":[93],"3,638)":[96],"these":[98,149,333],"one":[103],"substantial":[104],"visit":[105],"note":[106],"by":[107,245,259],"an":[108],"MGB":[109],"specialist.":[111],"Pre\u2010trained":[112],"embeddings":[113,132,301],"for":[114,157,263],"ICD":[116,160,193,205],"codes":[117,161,168,262],"are":[118,136,172,176,210],"used":[119,137],"encode":[121,139],"EHRs":[123,309],"first":[126],"dataset,":[127,146,206,255],"transformer\u2010derived":[129],"Clinical":[130],"BERT":[131,368],"free":[134],"text":[135],"notes":[142,201,254],"dataset.1,2":[143],"For":[144],"each":[145],"cluster":[148,242],"representations":[151,349],"using":[152,164],"hierarchical":[153],"clustering":[154],"test":[156],"enrichment":[158,260],"clusters":[163,175,190,197,207,256,334],"chi\u2010squared":[165],"tests.":[166],"Significant":[167],"following":[169],"Bonferroni":[170],"correction":[171],"retained,":[173],"then":[177],"characterized":[178],"based":[179],"most":[182],"significantly":[183],"enriched":[184],"codes.":[185],"Result":[186],"four":[189],"three":[196],"dataset.":[202],"In":[203,252,291,325],"identified":[211,258],"increased":[213],"prevalence":[214],"type":[216],"2":[217],"diabetes":[218],"kidney":[220],"205),":[224],"chronic":[225],"pain":[226],"669),":[229],"cardiovascular":[230,275],"other":[232,277],"age\u2010related":[233,278],"diseases":[234,248,279,286],"2,149),":[237],"as":[238,240],"well":[239],"mostly":[243],"defined":[244],"focal":[246,284],"neurological":[247,285],"6,226).":[251],"hydrocephalus":[264],"Lewy":[266],"body":[267],"1,565),":[271],"again":[273],"336),":[282],"1,737).":[289],"Conclusion":[290],"study,":[293],"demonstrate":[295],"potential":[297],"leverage":[299],"pre\u2010trained":[300],"both":[303],"structured":[304],"unstructured":[306],"data":[307],"related":[323],"dementias.":[324],"future,":[327],"plan":[329],"further":[331],"terms":[336],"course":[339],"underlying":[341],"mechanism.":[342],"1.":[343],"Choi":[344],"et":[345,363],"al.,":[346,364],"Learning":[347],"low\u2010dimensional":[348],"medical":[351],"concepts.":[352],"AMIA":[353],"Summits.":[354],"Transl.":[355],"Sci.":[356],"Proc.":[357],"2016,":[358],"41":[359],"(2016).":[360],"2.":[361],"Alsentzer":[362],"Publicly":[365],"available":[366],"embeddings.":[369],"arXiv:1904.03323":[370],"(2019).":[371]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2023-01-04T00:00:00"}
