{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311945181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","title":"Deteriorating Harmful Effects of Drought in Cucumber by Spraying Glycinebetaine","display_name":"Deteriorating Harmful Effects of Drought in Cucumber by Spraying Glycinebetaine","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311945181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture12122166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/12/2166/pdf?version=1671196801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/12/2166/pdf?version=1671196801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002603843","display_name":"El-Saied E. Metwaly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El-Saied E. Metwaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vegetable and Floriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vegetable and Floriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025232826","display_name":"Hatim M. Al-Yasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-6320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-6320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatim M. Al-Yasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014226836","display_name":"Esmat Farouk Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-4750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-4750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esmat F. Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3726-4750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062643219","display_name":"Hamada A. Farouk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamada A. Farouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Assiut, Assiut 71526, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Assiut, Assiut 71526, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017759958","display_name":"Saad Farouk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-1368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-1368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad Farouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-1368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014226836","https://openalex.org/A5017759958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623","https://openalex.org/I179331831"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":3.1397,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92230202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"2166","last_page":"2166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12407","display_name":"Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betaine","display_name":"betaine","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-stress","display_name":"drought stress","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cucumber","display_name":"cucumber","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osmoprotectants","display_name":"osmoprotectants","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foliar-application","display_name":"foliar application","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-use-efficiency","display_name":"water use efficiency","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-tolerance","display_name":"drought tolerance","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte-leakage","display_name":"electrolyte leakage","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-relative-water-content","display_name":"leaf relative water content","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-pigments","display_name":"photosynthetic pigments","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-yield","display_name":"crop yield","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biostimulants","display_name":"biostimulants","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-water-shortage","display_name":"irrigation water scarcity","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189797535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12142810","display_name":"Drought tolerance","level":2,"score":0.6925254464149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.6289708614349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551340","display_name":"Water-use efficiency","level":3,"score":0.6143566966056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.6004014015197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.5787323117256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.558489978313446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5400998592376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.48023825883865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4092187285423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.3757227957248688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.16003936529159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture12122166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/12/2166/pdf?version=1671196801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jagris:v:12:y:2022:i:12:p:2166-:d:1006075","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/12/2166/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44f7a9548ed94cd3b62a3fe7a2de81ee","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44f7a9548ed94cd3b62a3fe7a2de81ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 2166 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture12122166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/12/2166/pdf?version=1671196801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4428540257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311945181.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311945181.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116253160","https://openalex.org/W606118790","https://openalex.org/W1482736731","https://openalex.org/W1708948745","https://openalex.org/W1975220728","https://openalex.org/W1975406436","https://openalex.org/W1999693525","https://openalex.org/W2005270526","https://openalex.org/W2019847777","https://openalex.org/W2019896297","https://openalex.org/W2026977313","https://openalex.org/W2057433097","https://openalex.org/W2082882940","https://openalex.org/W2095151692","https://openalex.org/W2142014575","https://openalex.org/W2155597012","https://openalex.org/W2159562617","https://openalex.org/W2160437934","https://openalex.org/W2161900107","https://openalex.org/W2184239520","https://openalex.org/W2187318385","https://openalex.org/W2227280755","https://openalex.org/W2396654588","https://openalex.org/W2478622248","https://openalex.org/W2482299318","https://openalex.org/W2514554472","https://openalex.org/W2571689149","https://openalex.org/W2587598279","https://openalex.org/W2593262156","https://openalex.org/W2738449837","https://openalex.org/W2775455229","https://openalex.org/W2784253627","https://openalex.org/W2887547859","https://openalex.org/W2900285263","https://openalex.org/W2913631090","https://openalex.org/W2921370261","https://openalex.org/W2924899140","https://openalex.org/W2936441592","https://openalex.org/W2937970336","https://openalex.org/W2938019195","https://openalex.org/W2964323354","https://openalex.org/W2970818608","https://openalex.org/W2978511711","https://openalex.org/W2998841808","https://openalex.org/W3000941090","https://openalex.org/W3017035840","https://openalex.org/W3017768151","https://openalex.org/W3091963998","https://openalex.org/W3103404145","https://openalex.org/W3128955536","https://openalex.org/W3133495541","https://openalex.org/W3151567674","https://openalex.org/W3155395895","https://openalex.org/W3174064958","https://openalex.org/W3194561266","https://openalex.org/W3215719258","https://openalex.org/W4220826073","https://openalex.org/W4284968287","https://openalex.org/W6686368475","https://openalex.org/W6686723595"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396751360","https://openalex.org/W2182663268","https://openalex.org/W2011918875","https://openalex.org/W2005270526","https://openalex.org/W3005679636","https://openalex.org/W2375618362","https://openalex.org/W208035317","https://openalex.org/W7167633136","https://openalex.org/W2958486150","https://openalex.org/W7132042255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,58],"order":[1,59],"to":[2,60,172,239,252],"alleviate":[3],"the":[4,62,75,103,159,173,192,204,237,254],"shortage":[5],"of":[6,64,78,194,206,259],"irrigation":[7],"water":[8,13,131,181,207],"in":[9,21,32,45,52,73,102],"dry":[10],"regions,":[11],"refining":[12],"use":[14],"efficiency":[15],"(WUE)":[16],"is":[17,27,40,250],"a":[18,28,199,219],"key":[19],"issue":[20],"sustainable":[22],"productivity.":[23,214],"Furthermore,":[24],"glycinebetaine":[25],"(GlyBet)":[26],"vital":[29],"osmoprotectant":[30],"produced":[31],"crops":[33],"for":[34],"improving":[35,46],"drought":[36,79,85,90,241],"tolerance;":[37],"however,":[38,247],"little":[39],"known":[41],"about":[42],"its":[43,127],"role":[44],"plant":[47,180,211],"WUE":[48],"under":[49],"field":[50,93],"conditions":[51],"non-accumulating":[53],"plants":[54,140],"such":[55],"as":[56,114,116,218],"cucumber.":[57],"elucidate":[61],"effectiveness":[63],"GlyBet":[65,156,197,217],"concentrations":[66,136,185],"(0,":[67],"2000,":[68],"4000,":[69],"and":[70,88,105,118,126,133,176,213,221,231,257],"6000":[71,169,195],"mg/L)":[72],"mitigating":[74],"deleterious":[76],"effects":[77],"(e.g.,":[80],"well-watered":[81,139],"(1250":[82],"m3/fed),":[83,87],"moderate":[84],"(950":[86],"severe":[89,150],"(650":[91],"m3/fed)),":[92],"experiments":[94],"were":[95,149],"conducted":[96],"at":[97],"Elmia":[98],"village,":[99],"Dakahlia,":[100],"Egypt":[101],"2020":[104],"2021":[106],"seasons":[107],"on":[108,202,209],"vegetative":[109,123],"growth,":[110,124],"some":[111],"physiological":[112],"attributes,":[113,161],"well":[115],"yield":[117,125],"quality.":[119],"Drought":[120],"considerably":[121],"decreased":[122],"components,":[128],"leaf":[129],"relative":[130],"content,":[132],"photosynthetic":[134],"pigment":[135],"compared":[137],"with":[138,155],"while":[141,243],"increasing":[142,245],"electrolyte":[143,164],"leakage.":[144],"The":[145],"most":[146],"harmful":[147],"causes":[148],"drought.":[151],"However,":[152],"exogenous":[153],"spraying":[154],"substantially":[157],"boosted":[158],"mentioned":[160],"but":[162],"reduced":[163],"leakage":[165],"within":[166],"well-watering.":[167],"Commonly":[168],"mg/L":[170,196],"contributed":[171],"maximum":[174],"growth":[175,212],"productivity,":[177],"preserving":[178],"cucumber":[179,210],"status":[182],"above":[183],"other":[184],"or":[186],"untreated":[187],"plants.":[188],"Under":[189],"extreme":[190],"drought,":[191],"application":[193],"had":[198],"beneficial":[200],"effect":[201],"moderating":[203],"damage":[205,242],"deficit":[208],"Overall,":[215],"using":[216],"cost-effective":[220],"eco-friendly":[222],"biostimulant":[223],"six":[224],"times":[225],"(10,":[226],"20,":[227],"30,":[228],"40,":[229],"50,":[230],"60":[232],"days":[233],"from":[234],"sowing)":[235],"has":[236],"potential":[238],"mitigate":[240],"also":[244],"yield;":[246],"more":[248],"research":[249],"needed":[251],"determine":[253],"optimal":[255],"rate":[256],"timing":[258],"application.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-01-02T00:00:00"}