{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311528820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04621","title":"Testing the Reliability of Interpretable Neural Networks in Geoscience Using the Madden-Julian Oscillation","display_name":"Testing the Reliability of Interpretable Neural Networks in Geoscience Using the Madden-Julian Oscillation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311528820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.04621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04621","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080190956","display_name":"Benjamin A. Toms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-5491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-5491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toms, Benjamin A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071655569","display_name":"Karthik Kashinath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-5215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-5215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashinath, Karthik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Prabhat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabhat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang, Da","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Da","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California","University of California , Davis , Davis , California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Davis , Davis , California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.018400000408291817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/madden-julian-oscillation","display_name":"Madden-Julian Oscillation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-interpretability","display_name":"neural network interpretability","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer-wise-relevance-propagation","display_name":"layer-wise relevance propagation","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-atmosphere","display_name":"tropical atmosphere","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-structure","display_name":"spatial structure","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dynamics","display_name":"nonlinear dynamics","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117381296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170041","display_name":"Madden\u2013Julian oscillation","level":3,"score":0.9181385040283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7662054896354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7091231942176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.6536931991577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4202747344970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.40387266874313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.30643603205680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2788850665092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.255690336227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21636590361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.04621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04621","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.04621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.04621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04621","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1079818582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201005CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1143651532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1337544421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G213222014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G222768804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010FG02\u2010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G223002938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02 \u2212 05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G42916606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE AC02 05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4879360136","display_name":"A GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND RELATED SCIENCES","funder_award_id":"FG02-97ER25308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5365291749","display_name":"A GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND RELATED SCIENCES","funder_award_id":"FG02-97ER25308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6429399643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA-D-LAW-2462-RR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652958823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7354628648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7787287669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G876836414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0114b2m14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2211441835","https://openalex.org/W2114509940","https://openalex.org/W4312118913","https://openalex.org/W2001347586","https://openalex.org/W1989327418","https://openalex.org/W2890950370","https://openalex.org/W4235988919","https://openalex.org/W2100905771","https://openalex.org/W2560499172","https://openalex.org/W2148040602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,184],"test":[1,56],"the":[2,28,39,48,60,65,80,92,95,109,112,127,133,136,141,149,153,158,161,167,187,191,194,200],"reliability":[3],"of":[4,68,83,94,111,135,140,152,160,169,193],"two":[5],"neural":[6,75,106,128,142,218],"network":[7,107,129,143],"interpretation":[8],"techniques,":[9],"backward":[10],"optimization":[11],"and":[12,85,98,172,197,227],"layerwise":[13],"relevance":[14],"propagation,":[15],"within":[16,38],"geoscientific":[17,225],"applications":[18,226],"by":[19,126,209],"applying":[20],"them":[21],"to":[22,58,132,189],"a":[23,35],"commonly":[24],"studied":[25,46],"geophysical":[26],"phenomenon,":[27],"Madden-Julian":[29,32,96,113,137,154,162,195],"Oscillation.":[30,138],"The":[31,74,105],"Oscillation":[33,97,114,163],"is":[34],"multi-scale":[36],"pattern":[37],"tropical":[40],"atmosphere":[41],"that":[42,123,145,157,199,217],"has":[43],"been":[44],"extensively":[45],"over":[47],"past":[49],"decades,":[50],"which":[51,121],"makes":[52],"it":[53,146],"an":[54],"ideal":[55],"case":[57],"ensure":[59],"interpretability":[61],"methods":[62],"can":[63,86,220],"recover":[64],"current":[66,81],"state":[67,82,103,182],"knowledge":[69,84],"regarding":[70],"its":[71,99,178],"spatial":[72,150],"structure.":[73],"networks":[76,219],"can,":[77],"indeed,":[78],"reproduce":[79],"also":[87,185],"provide":[88],"new":[89],"insights":[90,176],"into":[91,177],"seasonality":[93,192],"relationships":[100],"with":[101,180],"atmospheric":[102,181],"variables.":[104,183],"identifies":[108],"phase":[110],"twice":[115],"as":[116,118],"accurately":[117,147],"linear":[119],"regression,":[120],"means":[122],"nonlinearities":[124,159],"used":[125],"are":[130,164],"important":[131],"structure":[134],"Interpretations":[139],"show":[144],"captures":[148],"structures":[151],"Oscillation,":[155,196],"suggest":[156],"manifested":[165],"through":[166],"uniqueness":[168],"each":[170],"event,":[171],"offer":[173],"physically":[174],"meaningful":[175],"relationship":[179],"use":[186],"interpretations":[188],"identify":[190],"find":[198],"conventionally":[201],"defined":[202],"extended":[203],"seasons":[204],"should":[205],"be":[206,221],"shifted":[207],"later":[208],"one":[210],"month.":[211],"More":[212],"generally,":[213],"this":[214],"study":[215],"suggests":[216],"reliably":[222],"interpreted":[223],"for":[224],"may":[228],"there":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-30T09:27:27.532063","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
