{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310154701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","title":"Challenges and Neuropsychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Borderline Intellectual Functioning","display_name":"Challenges and Neuropsychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Borderline Intellectual Functioning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310154701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36553291","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9777449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/children9121847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/12/1847/pdf?version=1669641972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/12/1847/pdf?version=1669641972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062149066","display_name":"Heli S\u00e4til\u00e4","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131690","display_name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4meen Keskussairaala","ror":"https://ror.org/02v92t976","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131690"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heli S\u00e4til\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092240976","display_name":"Mirjami Jolma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-0495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-0495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131690","display_name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4meen Keskussairaala","ror":"https://ror.org/02v92t976","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131690"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Mirjami Jolma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland","Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-0495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131690"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076277730","display_name":"Mira Meril\u00e4inen-Nipuli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267513","display_name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4meen hyvinvointialue","ror":"https://ror.org/032xgxr78","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267513"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mira Meril\u00e4inen-Nipuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Child and Adolescent Rehabilitation, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Welfare Area, Aleksanterinkatu 11, 15110 Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Child and Adolescent Rehabilitation, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Welfare Area, Aleksanterinkatu 11, 15110 Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041458886","display_name":"Mikko Koivu\u2010Jolma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-7927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-7927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikko Koivu-Jolma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6minkatu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-7927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6minkatu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062149066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131690"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":3.2315,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92351557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"1847","last_page":"1847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.8604000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.8604000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.13089999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13447","display_name":"Educational and Psychological Assessments","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/borderline-intellectual-functioning","display_name":"borderline intellectual functioning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychological-performance","display_name":"neuropsychological performance","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatric-comorbidity","display_name":"psychiatric comorbidity","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychiatric-comorbidity","display_name":"neuropsychiatric comorbidity","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-delay","display_name":"language delay","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activities-of-daily-living","display_name":"activities of daily living","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education","display_name":"special education","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-use","display_name":"medication use","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability-diagnosis","display_name":"intellectual disability diagnosis","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-adolescents","display_name":"children and adolescents","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.6658819913864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6196703910827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.55568528175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167925730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11861940","display_name":"Borderline intellectual functioning","level":3,"score":0.5512767434120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.5138059258460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.47404906153678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536788834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002588","display_name":"Neuropsychological assessment","level":4,"score":0.4529017210006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.446339875459671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4370340406894684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775968953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783092","display_name":"Executive functions","level":3,"score":0.4301655888557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.42592653632164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551499885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183560","display_name":"Intellectual disability","level":2,"score":0.41408461332321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23654571175575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/children9121847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/12/1847/pdf?version=1669641972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36553291","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36553291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9777449","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9777449/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:deb24336c53b418bb37472772de9d128","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/deb24336c53b418bb37472772de9d128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Children, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 1847 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/351569","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/351569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/entityType/JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/children9121847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/12/1847/pdf?version=1669641972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310154701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310154701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574054177","https://openalex.org/W1620136875","https://openalex.org/W1995070616","https://openalex.org/W1995707380","https://openalex.org/W2015718155","https://openalex.org/W2017124601","https://openalex.org/W2022595242","https://openalex.org/W2040310317","https://openalex.org/W2046139879","https://openalex.org/W2047162520","https://openalex.org/W2069303228","https://openalex.org/W2094305690","https://openalex.org/W2101891790","https://openalex.org/W2112723009","https://openalex.org/W2123053016","https://openalex.org/W2125511806","https://openalex.org/W2126726764","https://openalex.org/W2130531767","https://openalex.org/W2139257209","https://openalex.org/W2145915093","https://openalex.org/W2146753761","https://openalex.org/W2153136343","https://openalex.org/W2170744825","https://openalex.org/W2334048782","https://openalex.org/W2532768682","https://openalex.org/W2585925727","https://openalex.org/W2805590464","https://openalex.org/W2886298463","https://openalex.org/W2886494977","https://openalex.org/W2913371077","https://openalex.org/W2936145959","https://openalex.org/W2938158554","https://openalex.org/W2959394193","https://openalex.org/W3009469076","https://openalex.org/W3022076523","https://openalex.org/W3031361580","https://openalex.org/W3037979301","https://openalex.org/W3044533506","https://openalex.org/W3045332999","https://openalex.org/W3087314819","https://openalex.org/W4247665917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063876040","https://openalex.org/W3089032749","https://openalex.org/W4400215514","https://openalex.org/W1620136875","https://openalex.org/W2866797817","https://openalex.org/W1492088891","https://openalex.org/W7157630777","https://openalex.org/W15039428","https://openalex.org/W7128181964","https://openalex.org/W3087314819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"retrospective":[1],"chart":[2],"review":[3],"study":[4,97],"sought":[5],"to":[6,45,63,82,124,205,230,245],"explore":[7],"neuropsychological":[8,132,233],"profiles,":[9],"neuropsychiatric":[10,68],"and":[11,20,26,52,69,85,137,157,168,189,193,196,208,237],"psychiatric":[12,24,70,83],"comorbidity,":[13],"changes":[14],"in":[15,31,50,128,166,172,177,191,220],"diagnoses,":[16],"support":[17,90,162,209],"at":[18,109,199],"daycare":[19],"school,":[21],"medication":[22],"use,":[23],"referrals,":[25],"progression":[27],"into":[28],"further":[29],"education":[30],"a":[32,74,164,175],"cohort":[33],"of":[34,76,78,95,101,117,130,139,181,235],"participants":[35,79,141],"with":[36,145,211],"borderline":[37],"intellectual":[38,147],"functioning":[39],"(BIF).":[40],"Additionally,":[41],"developmental":[42,152],"factors":[43],"connected":[44],"BIF":[46,156,212],"were":[47,56,72,80,142,163],"studied.":[48],"Delays":[49],"language":[51,167],"gross":[53],"motor":[54,169],"development":[55],"the":[57,61,96,131,140,158,179,221,232,250],"initial":[58],"reasons":[59],"for":[60,160,216],"parents":[62],"seek":[64],"health":[65],"care.":[66],"Comorbid":[67],"diagnoses":[71],"frequent,":[73],"total":[75],"41%":[77],"referred":[81],"services,":[84],"45%":[86],"used":[87],"medication.":[88],"Educational":[89],"was":[91],"needed":[92],"by":[93],"92%":[94],"participants.":[98],"The":[99,115,126,150],"majority":[100],"those":[102,247],"graduating":[103,241],"elementary":[104,242],"school":[105,187,200,243],"continued":[106],"their":[107,214],"studies":[108,122],"ordinary":[110],"or":[111],"special":[112],"vocational":[113],"schools.":[114],"risk":[116,215],"dropping":[118],"out":[119],"during":[120],"secondary":[121],"appeared":[123],"increase.":[125],"results":[127],"most":[129],"subdomains":[133],"declined":[134],"over":[135],"time,":[136],"23%":[138],"later":[143],"diagnosed":[144],"an":[146],"disability":[148],"(ID).":[149],"early":[151],"signs":[153],"pointing":[154],"towards":[155],"need":[159],"prompt":[161],"delay":[165,176],"development,":[170],"difficulties":[171,190],"executive":[173],"function,":[174],"learning":[178],"activities":[180],"daily":[182],"living":[183],"among":[184],"children":[185],"under":[186],"age,":[188],"reading":[192],"arithmetic":[194],"skills":[195],"abstract":[197],"reasoning":[198],"age.":[201],"It":[202],"is":[203,223],"important":[204,229],"follow":[206],"up":[207],"individuals":[210],"as":[213,244],"being":[217],"left":[218],"behind":[219],"society":[222],"increased.":[224],"Also,":[225],"it":[226],"would":[227],"be":[228],"repeat":[231],"testing":[234],"cognitive":[236],"adaptive":[238],"functions":[239],"before":[240],"capture":[246],"who":[248],"meet":[249],"ID":[251],"criteria.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00"}