{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310153907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","title":"Classification of Normal and Malicious Traffic Based on an Ensemble of Machine Learning for a Vehicle CAN-Network","display_name":"Classification of Normal and Malicious Traffic Based on an Ensemble of Machine Learning for a Vehicle CAN-Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310153907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501896","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9736208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9195/pdf?version=1669711827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9195/pdf?version=1669711827","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079298414","display_name":"Easa Alalwany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-0069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-0069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Easa Alalwany","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46421, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-0069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005478887","display_name":"Imad Mahgoub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-7307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-7307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imad Mahgoub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-7307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005478887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"fwci":2.9742,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91336714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9195","last_page":"9195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/can-bus","display_name":"CAN bus","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-network-security","display_name":"VANET security","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malicious-traffic-classification","display_name":"malicious traffic classification","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-classifiers","display_name":"ensemble classifiers","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"stacking","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"voting","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bagging","display_name":"bagging","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.8399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7958338856697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.7003324627876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6445083022117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6109839677810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.610109806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827758312225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5694056153297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.47174227237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.4401315450668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.43406277894973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3545055389404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.27516913414001465}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9195/pdf?version=1669711827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9736208","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9736208/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7083a9a629e149ad98406afe2d1ba797","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7083a9a629e149ad98406afe2d1ba797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9195 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239195","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9195/pdf?version=1669711827","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310801","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317380","display_name":"Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico","ror":"https://ror.org/05mm1w714"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W1558912087","https://openalex.org/W1969907290","https://openalex.org/W2044717409","https://openalex.org/W2084481407","https://openalex.org/W2530179903","https://openalex.org/W2581560412","https://openalex.org/W2605229070","https://openalex.org/W2752900269","https://openalex.org/W2779865147","https://openalex.org/W2790513427","https://openalex.org/W2790774536","https://openalex.org/W2799867512","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2898623510","https://openalex.org/W2910166370","https://openalex.org/W2910197492","https://openalex.org/W2910391481","https://openalex.org/W2916913565","https://openalex.org/W2921212998","https://openalex.org/W2945012921","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2964262308","https://openalex.org/W2970148885","https://openalex.org/W3018640761","https://openalex.org/W3020635636","https://openalex.org/W3081862970","https://openalex.org/W3094026106","https://openalex.org/W3106963248","https://openalex.org/W3118820303","https://openalex.org/W3120195926","https://openalex.org/W3154450391","https://openalex.org/W3178719887","https://openalex.org/W3184668263","https://openalex.org/W4284899175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411415902","https://openalex.org/W7130386424","https://openalex.org/W4402628498","https://openalex.org/W7010443998","https://openalex.org/W4205686442","https://openalex.org/W4414569682","https://openalex.org/W7164909854","https://openalex.org/W4412787113","https://openalex.org/W4362519986","https://openalex.org/W4412439760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Connectivity":[0],"and":[1,37,122,129,138,156],"automation":[2],"have":[3,176,188],"expanded":[4],"with":[5,78,109,127,218],"the":[6,29,85,144,169,196,201,209,215],"development":[7],"of":[8,13,26,39,182,192,203,221],"autonomous":[9],"vehicle":[10],"technology.":[11],"One":[12],"several":[14],"automotive":[15],"serial":[16],"protocols":[17],"that":[18,102,194,213],"can":[19],"be":[20],"used":[21,214],"in":[22,119],"a":[23,115,180,189],"wide":[24],"range":[25,191],"vehicles":[27,41],"is":[28,56,63,70],"controller":[30],"area":[31],"network":[32],"(CAN).":[33],"The":[34,52,112,162],"growing":[35],"functionality":[36],"connectivity":[38],"modern":[40],"make":[42],"them":[43],"more":[44],"vulnerable":[45,57],"to":[46,58,72,81],"cyberattacks":[47],"aimed":[48],"at":[49],"vehicular":[50],"networks.":[51],"CAN":[53,86,131],"bus":[54],"protocol":[55],"numerous":[59],"attacks,":[60],"as":[61],"it":[62],"lacking":[64],"security":[65],"mechanisms":[66,187],"by":[67],"design.":[68],"It":[69],"crucial":[71],"design":[73,92],"intrusion":[74],"detection":[75],"systems":[76],"(IDS)":[77],"high":[79],"accuracy":[80,167,220],"detect":[82],"attacks":[83],"on":[84],"bus.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89,159],"paper,":[90],"we":[91,149],"an":[93,219],"effective":[94],"machine":[95],"learning-based":[96],"IDS":[97],"scheme":[98,113],"for":[99,158],"binary":[100],"classification":[101,160,204],"utilizes":[103],"eight":[104],"supervised":[105],"ML":[106],"algorithms,":[107],"along":[108],"ensemble":[110,152,163,173],"classifiers.":[111],"achieved":[114,165],"higher":[116],"effectiveness":[117],"score":[118],"detecting":[120],"normal":[121,128],"abnormal":[123],"activities":[124],"when":[125],"trained":[126],"malicious":[130],"traffic":[132],"datasets.":[133],"Random":[134],"Forest,":[135],"Decision":[136],"Tree,":[137],"Xtreme":[139],"Gradient":[140],"Boosting":[141],"classifiers":[142,164],"provided":[143],"most":[145,210],"accurate":[146],"results.":[147],"Then":[148],"evaluated":[150],"three":[151],"methods,":[153],"voting,":[154],"stacking,":[155],"bagging,":[157],"task.":[161],"better":[166],"than":[168],"individual":[170],"models,":[171],"since":[172],"learning":[174,184],"strategies":[175],"superior":[177],"performance":[178],"through":[179],"combination":[181],"multiple":[183],"mechanisms.":[185],"These":[186],"varied":[190],"capabilities":[193],"improve":[195],"prediction":[197],"reliability":[198],"while":[199],"lowering":[200],"possibility":[202],"errors.":[205],"Our":[206],"model":[207],"outperformed":[208],"recent":[211],"study":[212],"same":[216],"dataset,":[217],"0.984.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00"}