{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310071599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","title":"Comparative Study of Spark-Ignited and Pre-Chamber Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: A Computational Approach","display_name":"Comparative Study of Spark-Ignited and Pre-Chamber Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: A Computational Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310071599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15238951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/8951/pdf?version=1669461794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/8951/pdf?version=1669461794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022330788","display_name":"Hammam Aljabri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-947X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-947X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hammam Aljabri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-947X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075493797","display_name":"Mickael Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mickael Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010193109","display_name":"Moez Ben Houidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-1789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-1789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moez Ben Houidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704587","display_name":"Xinlei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-0749","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-0749"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinlei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026123091","display_name":"Moaz Al\u2010lehaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-6980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-6980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moaz Allehaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-6980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012660398","display_name":"Fahad Almatrafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0475-8604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0475-8604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Almatrafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0475-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062310896","display_name":"Abdullah S. AlRamadan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-0065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-0065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143841","display_name":"Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427","country_code":"SA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah S. AlRamadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006369288","display_name":"Balaji Mohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-8802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-8802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143841","display_name":"Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427","country_code":"SA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaji Mohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010640287","display_name":"Emre Cenker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-4851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-4851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143841","display_name":"Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427","country_code":"SA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Cenker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Technologies Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34466, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039777051","display_name":"Hong Geun Im","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-1266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-1266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong G. Im","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022330788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"fwci":2.3908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8974317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"8951","last_page":"8951"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10553","display_name":"Combustion and flame dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11619","display_name":"Combustion and Detonation Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-internal-combustion-engines","display_name":"hydrogen internal combustion engine","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark-ignition","display_name":"spark ignition","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-chamber-combustion","display_name":"pre-chamber combustion","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox-emissions","display_name":"NOx emissions","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-rise-rate","display_name":"pressure rise rate","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoignition","display_name":"autoignition","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio","display_name":"compression ratio","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-fuel-ratio","display_name":"air-fuel ratio","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-timing","display_name":"ignition timing","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-efficiency","display_name":"thermal efficiency","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-knock","display_name":"engine knock","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-losses","display_name":"heat transfer losses","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-combustion","display_name":"lean combustion","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck-engines","display_name":"truck engines","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.6272236704826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6105358004570007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.587660014629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.5826155543327332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50406533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452104","display_name":"Thermal efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5595431923866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128143373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789953","display_name":"Mean effective pressure","level":4,"score":0.5311899185180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203032635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20962970","display_name":"NOx","level":3,"score":0.5272903442382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5041123628616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96532641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248240","display_name":"Ignition timing","level":3,"score":0.48061102628707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.47673118114471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.46952858567237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.3656070828437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.19867533445358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1847480833530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10629698634147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15238951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/8951/pdf?version=1669461794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:23:p:8951-:d:985254","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/8951/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b485bb6d2d34e62b04a901ac132ba1f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b485bb6d2d34e62b04a901ac132ba1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 8951 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/686071","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/686071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15238951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/8951/pdf?version=1669461794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2399228890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6600024505/01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324706","funder_display_name":"Saudi Aramco"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324706","display_name":"Saudi Aramco","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310071599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310071599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520097462","https://openalex.org/W1542636069","https://openalex.org/W1545181133","https://openalex.org/W1969875244","https://openalex.org/W1973085334","https://openalex.org/W1976833865","https://openalex.org/W1977886084","https://openalex.org/W1979097092","https://openalex.org/W1988937355","https://openalex.org/W1991699238","https://openalex.org/W1998110301","https://openalex.org/W2005091102","https://openalex.org/W2007724218","https://openalex.org/W2012473984","https://openalex.org/W2015987841","https://openalex.org/W2019188247","https://openalex.org/W2053520797","https://openalex.org/W2056891134","https://openalex.org/W2060056345","https://openalex.org/W2071058726","https://openalex.org/W2078160837","https://openalex.org/W2088525335","https://openalex.org/W2131978523","https://openalex.org/W2235195110","https://openalex.org/W2272515641","https://openalex.org/W2440933115","https://openalex.org/W2519200901","https://openalex.org/W2521774932","https://openalex.org/W2560922168","https://openalex.org/W2566256977","https://openalex.org/W2745874767","https://openalex.org/W2753222020","https://openalex.org/W2917426928","https://openalex.org/W2923763271","https://openalex.org/W2944629912","https://openalex.org/W2946676362","https://openalex.org/W3000008604","https://openalex.org/W3003072231","https://openalex.org/W3003953928","https://openalex.org/W3010457009","https://openalex.org/W3010577671","https://openalex.org/W3117340653","https://openalex.org/W3121301500","https://openalex.org/W3133894192","https://openalex.org/W3157298839","https://openalex.org/W3170463000","https://openalex.org/W3173480093","https://openalex.org/W3180407773","https://openalex.org/W3212058898","https://openalex.org/W4200454400","https://openalex.org/W4200457765","https://openalex.org/W4212934663","https://openalex.org/W4221030931","https://openalex.org/W4221071580","https://openalex.org/W4225266650","https://openalex.org/W4283022455","https://openalex.org/W4293702645","https://openalex.org/W6694358248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7151057115","https://openalex.org/W2068216684","https://openalex.org/W4381948215","https://openalex.org/W4409018105","https://openalex.org/W2953870900","https://openalex.org/W2979952892","https://openalex.org/W2994673271","https://openalex.org/W4385461313","https://openalex.org/W7046842876","https://openalex.org/W2966983354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hydrogen":[0],"is":[1,325,332],"a":[2,53,131,139,199,220,225,263,287,342,355],"promising":[3],"future":[4],"fuel":[5],"to":[6,41,133,154,175,204,302,335,364,368,385,390,402],"enable":[7],"the":[8,47,69,75,78,85,95,99,103,107,109,112,119,135,177,208,217,250,257,269,273,293,297,304,308,311,315,317,323,327,337,346,351,359,377,382,391,395],"transition":[9],"of":[10,19,49,80,111,142,160,207,227,240,271,306,314,330],"transportation":[11],"sector":[12],"toward":[13],"carbon":[14],"neutrality.":[15],"The":[16,145,191,266,371],"direct":[17],"utilization":[18],"H2":[20,50,331],"in":[21,52,57,184,235,296,350,381,405],"internal":[22],"combustion":[23,51,87,397],"engines":[24],"(ICEs)":[25],"faces":[26],"three":[27,81],"major":[28],"challenges:":[29],"high":[30,42,70,334,356],"NOx":[31,90,290],"emissions,":[32],"severe":[33],"pressure":[34,71,113,121,171],"rise":[35,72,114,122],"rates,":[36],"and":[37,61,89,102,202,361],"pre-ignition":[38],"at":[39,165,212,232],"mid":[40],"loads.":[43],"In":[44,106,344],"this":[45],"study,":[46],"potential":[48],"truck-size":[54],"engine":[55,86,143,369,407],"operated":[56],"spark":[58,104,222,258,274],"ignition":[59],"(SI)":[60],"pre-chamber":[62],"(PC)":[63],"mode":[64,299,398],"was":[65,115,186,214,243,260,283,300],"investigated.":[66],"To":[67],"mitigate":[68,134],"rate":[73,123],"with":[74,230,373],"SI":[76,298,392],"configuration,":[77],"effects":[79],"primary":[82],"parameters":[83],"on":[84,118],"performance":[88],"emissions":[91],"were":[92,128,253],"evaluated,":[93],"including":[94],"compression":[96,126],"ratio":[97],"(CR),":[98],"air\u2013fuel":[100],"ratio,":[101],"timing.":[105],"simulations,":[108],"severity":[110],"evaluated":[116],"based":[117],"maximum":[120],"(MPRR).":[124],"Lower":[125],"ratios":[127],"assessed":[129,261],"as":[130,216,262],"means":[132],"auto-ignition":[136,178],"while":[137,179,285],"enabling":[138],"wider":[140],"range":[141],"operation.":[144],"study":[146],"showed":[147],"that":[148,195,245,320],"by":[149],"lowering":[150],"CR":[151,226],"from":[152],"16.5:1":[153],"12.5:1,":[155],"an":[156,236,277,365],"indicated":[157,168,237,278,319],"thermal":[158,238,279,387],"efficiency":[159,239,280,388],"47.5%":[161],"can":[162],"be":[163,403],"achieved":[164,284],"9.4":[166],"bar":[167],"mean":[169],"effective":[170],"(IMEP)":[172],"conditions.":[173],"Aiming":[174],"restrain":[176],"maintaining":[180,286],"good":[181],"efficiency,":[182],"growth":[183],"\u03bb":[185,211,231],"examined":[187],"under":[188,246],"different":[189],"CRs.":[190],"simulated":[192],"data":[193],"suggested":[194],"higher":[196,200],"CRs":[197],"require":[198],"\u03bb,":[201],"due":[203],"practical":[205],"limitations":[206],"boosting":[209],"system,":[210],"4.0":[213],"set":[215],"limit.":[218],"At":[219],"fixed":[221],"timing,":[223],"using":[224,307,341],"13.5":[228],"combined":[229],"3.33":[233],"resulted":[234],"48.6%.":[241],"It":[242],"found":[244],"such":[247],"lean":[248,338],"conditions,":[249],"exhaust":[251],"losses":[252,380],"high.":[254],"Thus,":[255],"advancing":[256,272],"time":[259,275],"possible":[264],"solution.":[265],"results":[267,318],"demonstrated":[268],"advantages":[270],"where":[276],"exceeding":[281],"50%":[282],"very":[288],"low":[289],"level.":[291],"Finally,":[292],"optimized":[294],"case":[295],"used":[301,349],"investigate":[303],"effect":[305],"PC.":[309,343],"For":[310],"current":[312,352],"design":[313,348],"PC,":[316],"even":[321],"though":[322],"mixture":[324],"lean,":[326],"flame":[328],"speed":[329],"sufficiently":[333],"burn":[336],"charge":[339],"without":[340],"addition,":[345],"PC":[347,360,374,396],"work":[353],"induced":[354],"MPRR":[357],"inside":[358],"MC,":[362,383],"leading":[363,384],"increased":[366,376],"tendency":[367],"knock.":[370],"operation":[372],"also":[375],"heat":[378],"transfer":[379],"lower":[386],"compared":[389],"mode.":[393],"Consequently,":[394],"needs":[399],"further":[400],"optimizations":[401],"employed":[404],"hydrogen":[406],"applications.":[408]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00"}
