{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310036612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","title":"A Survey of DDOS Attack Detection Techniques for IoT Systems Using BlockChain Technology","display_name":"A Survey of DDOS Attack Detection Techniques for IoT Systems Using BlockChain Technology","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310036612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11233892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/3892/pdf?version=1669374864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4310036612"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/3892/pdf?version=1669374864","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000292725","display_name":"Zulfiqar Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-2961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-2961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zulfiqar Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43104, Lubbock, TX 79409-3104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43104, Lubbock, TX 79409-3104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026464816","display_name":"Akbar Siami Namin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-7495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-7495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akbar Siami Namin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43104, Lubbock, TX 79409-3104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43104, Lubbock, TX 79409-3104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000292725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":2.3794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88966807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"23","first_page":"3892","last_page":"3892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ddos-detection","display_name":"DDoS attack detection","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-security","display_name":"Internet of Things security","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnets","display_name":"botnets","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-based-intrusion-detection","display_name":"machine learning for intrusion detection","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"software-defined networking","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fpga-security","display_name":"FPGA security","score":0.6380000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8236512541770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7980157136917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.727969765663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.6527538895606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43639116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843050","display_name":"Trinoo","level":5,"score":0.6090719103813171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5955382585525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.5755099654197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.5754917860031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.5294613242149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4499713182449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4141223430633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2915186882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12792420387268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11233892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/3892/pdf?version=1669374864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ttu-ir.tdl.org:2346/91785","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstreams/44b507de-3d47-40ae-9b53-aa47b6ce9bb7/download","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402519","display_name":"ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","host_organization_name":"Texas Tech University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ttu-ir.tdl.org:2346/91806","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2346/91806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402519","display_name":"ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","host_organization_name":"Texas Tech University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11233892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/3892/pdf?version=1669374864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1538597884","display_name":"SaTC: EDU: Improving Student Learning and Engagement in Digital Forensics through Collaborative Investigation of Cyber Security Incidents and Simulated Capture-the-Flag Exercises","funder_award_id":"1821560","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310036612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310036612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68246004","https://openalex.org/W2140226095","https://openalex.org/W2173039830","https://openalex.org/W2537880388","https://openalex.org/W2766003054","https://openalex.org/W2788455797","https://openalex.org/W2790163784","https://openalex.org/W2793461621","https://openalex.org/W2891171053","https://openalex.org/W2943778379","https://openalex.org/W2955981725","https://openalex.org/W2981536805","https://openalex.org/W2988440468","https://openalex.org/W2993717831","https://openalex.org/W2998398197","https://openalex.org/W2998431979","https://openalex.org/W3008443393","https://openalex.org/W3027095011","https://openalex.org/W3034917299","https://openalex.org/W3036270747","https://openalex.org/W3084170757","https://openalex.org/W3087344973","https://openalex.org/W3120598853","https://openalex.org/W3132973698","https://openalex.org/W3135501760","https://openalex.org/W3157509922","https://openalex.org/W3158606737","https://openalex.org/W3164559343","https://openalex.org/W3166165364","https://openalex.org/W3166688525","https://openalex.org/W3170487895","https://openalex.org/W3175402960","https://openalex.org/W3201629921","https://openalex.org/W3207929292","https://openalex.org/W3212920542","https://openalex.org/W3213018731","https://openalex.org/W4200327071","https://openalex.org/W4200346995","https://openalex.org/W4200403794","https://openalex.org/W4205452112","https://openalex.org/W4206612837","https://openalex.org/W4210631259","https://openalex.org/W4210779665","https://openalex.org/W4210884937","https://openalex.org/W4212871185","https://openalex.org/W4213102562","https://openalex.org/W4214687415","https://openalex.org/W4220965294","https://openalex.org/W4221089828","https://openalex.org/W4223442607","https://openalex.org/W4223978476","https://openalex.org/W4224281812","https://openalex.org/W4229034602","https://openalex.org/W4280630885","https://openalex.org/W4282042832","https://openalex.org/W4283748566","https://openalex.org/W4285006276","https://openalex.org/W4285126406","https://openalex.org/W4288069010","https://openalex.org/W4289530011","https://openalex.org/W4292084264","https://openalex.org/W4292266154","https://openalex.org/W4299679592","https://openalex.org/W4303981235","https://openalex.org/W4304688875","https://openalex.org/W4308037227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283748566","https://openalex.org/W4210631259","https://openalex.org/W3084946732","https://openalex.org/W4390707554","https://openalex.org/W4388937633","https://openalex.org/W4308037227","https://openalex.org/W7057256118","https://openalex.org/W4408478798","https://openalex.org/W4294000367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,174,249],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,8,38,89,116,155,176,251,316,322,336,368,381],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"is":[5,179],"a":[6,82,86,191,366,378],"network":[7,20,119],"sensors":[9],"that":[10,126,226,257,340],"helps":[11],"collect":[12],"data":[13,237],"24/7":[14],"without":[15],"human":[16],"intervention.":[17],"However,":[18,122,218],"the":[19,27,36,114,117,127,182,212,222,230,241,246,284,295,309,314,320,333,341,345,349],"may":[21],"suffer":[22,299],"from":[23],"problems":[24,43],"such":[25,265,355],"as":[26,266,356],"low":[28],"battery,":[29],"heterogeneity,":[30],"and":[31,59,62,76,129,142,148,215,240,270,280,287,305,332,348,360],"connectivity":[32],"issues":[33,50,68],"due":[34,291],"to":[35,72,80,84,98,158,170,180,187,292,308],"lack":[37],"standards.":[39],"Even":[40],"though":[41],"these":[42,139],"can":[44,69,95,112,194,343],"cause":[45,302],"several":[46],"performance":[47,115,330],"hiccups,":[48],"security":[49,67,97,140,149,370],"need":[51],"immediate":[52],"attention":[53],"because":[54],"hackers":[55,71],"access":[56],"vital":[57],"personal":[58],"financial":[60,304],"information":[61,210],"then":[63,77],"misuse":[64],"it.":[65],"These":[66],"allow":[70],"hijack":[73],"IoT":[74,99,247,253,337,373,387],"devices":[75,100],"use":[78],"them":[79],"establish":[81],"Botnet":[83],"launch":[85],"Distributed":[87],"Denial":[88],"Service":[90],"(DDoS)":[91],"attack.":[92],"Blockchain":[93],"technology":[94,335],"provide":[96,133,208],"by":[101,198],"providing":[102],"secure":[103],"authentication":[104],"using":[105,199],"public":[106],"keys.":[107],"Similarly,":[108],"Smart":[109],"Contracts":[110],"(SCs)":[111],"improve":[113],"IoT\u2013blockchain":[118],"through":[120],"automation.":[121],"surveyed":[123],"work":[124,178,275],"shows":[125],"blockchain":[128,188],"SCs":[130],"do":[131],"not":[132],"foolproof":[134],"security;":[135],"sometimes,":[136],"attackers":[137],"defeat":[138],"mechanisms":[141],"initiate":[143],"DDoS":[144,160,172,183,232,243,258,278,293,317],"attacks.":[145,161,173],"Thus,":[146,375],"developers":[147],"software":[150],"engineers":[151],"must":[152],"be":[153],"aware":[154],"different":[156,168,252],"techniques":[157,169,185,239,347],"detect":[159,171],"In":[162,205],"this":[163],"survey":[164],"paper,":[165],"we":[166,207,219,228,312,326,376],"highlight":[167],"novelty":[175],"our":[177,274],"classify":[181],"detection":[184,346],"according":[186],"technology.":[189],"As":[190],"result,":[192],"researchers":[193],"enhance":[195],"their":[196,216,236,281],"systems":[197,214,298,338,354],"blockchain-based":[200],"support":[201],"for":[202,372],"detecting":[203],"threats.":[204],"addition,":[206],"general":[209],"about":[211],"studied":[213],"workings.":[217],"cannot":[220],"neglect":[221],"recent":[223],"surveys.":[224],"To":[225],"end,":[227],"compare":[229],"state-of-the-art":[231],"surveys":[233],"based":[234],"on":[235,245,283],"collection":[238],"discussed":[242],"attacks":[244,259,279,318],"subsystems.":[248,388],"study":[250],"subsystems":[254,286],"tells":[255],"us":[256],"also":[260],"impact":[261],"other":[262],"computing":[263,297],"systems,":[264],"SCs,":[267],"networking":[268],"devices,":[269],"power":[271],"grids.":[272],"Hence,":[273,311],"briefly":[276],"describes":[277],"impacts":[282,315],"above":[285],"IoT.":[288],"For":[289],"instance,":[290],"attacks,":[294],"targeted":[296],"delays":[300],"which":[301],"tremendous":[303],"utility":[306],"losses":[307],"subscribers.":[310],"discuss":[313,327],"in":[319],"context":[321],"associated":[323,353],"systems.":[324],"Finally,":[325],"Machine-Learning":[328],"algorithms,":[329],"metrics,":[331],"underlying":[334],"so":[339],"readers":[342],"grasp":[344],"attack":[350],"vectors.":[351],"Moreover,":[352],"Software-Defined":[357],"Networking":[358],"(SDN)":[359],"Field-Programmable":[361],"Gate":[362],"Arrays":[363],"(FPGA)":[364],"are":[365],"source":[367],"good":[369],"enhancement":[371],"Networks.":[374],"include":[377],"detailed":[379],"discussion":[380],"future":[382],"development":[383],"encompassing":[384],"all":[385],"major":[386]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00"}
