{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309013263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","title":"Cybersecurity in Smart Cities: Detection of Opposing Decisions on Anomalies in the Computer Network Behavior","display_name":"Cybersecurity in Smart Cities: Detection of Opposing Decisions on Anomalies in the Computer Network Behavior","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309013263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11223718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/22/3718/pdf?version=1668337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/22/3718/pdf?version=1668337049","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085587232","display_name":"Danijela D. Proti\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-2863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-2863"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danijela Protic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Mathematics and Electronics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-2863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Mathematics and Electronics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048991827","display_name":"Loveleen Gaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-1550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-1550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loveleen Gaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida 201303, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-1550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida 201303, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086315941","display_name":"Miomir S. Stankovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8504-6966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8504-6966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338511612","display_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1y4204","country_code":"RS","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338511612"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039372","display_name":"Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/02jxk1021","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338511612","https://openalex.org/I4390039372"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miomir Stankovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematical Institute of SASA, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Institute of SASA, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338511612","https://openalex.org/I4390039372"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081436241","display_name":"Anisur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-7648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-7648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Anisur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics, and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-7648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics, and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085587232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":1.0857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76001297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"22","first_page":"3718","last_page":"3718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cities","display_name":"smart cities","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-anomaly-detection","display_name":"network anomaly detection","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-scaling","display_name":"feature scaling","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xor-operation","display_name":"XOR operation","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-networks","display_name":"feedforward neural networks","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"weighted k-nearest neighbors","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic","display_name":"network traffic","score":0.4129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.687146782875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6647545695304871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5782721042633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5549529194831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5143102407455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4869576394557953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4813455045223236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.45152348279953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3715478181838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3657468855381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11223718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/22/3718/pdf?version=1668337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/292dfb25-fbec-4093-931e-1d41daad9aa1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/292dfb25-fbec-4093-931e-1d41daad9aa1","pdf_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/files/325384667/266547617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Protic, D, Gaur, L, Stankovic, M & Rahman, M A 2022, 'Cybersecurity in smart cities : Detection of opposing decisions on anomalies in the computer network behavior', Electronics, vol. 11, no. 22, 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e5f0eefe2584fcd9605161e7785af88","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e5f0eefe2584fcd9605161e7785af88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronics, Vol 11, Iss 3718, p 3718 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11223718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223718","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/22/3718/pdf?version=1668337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309013263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309013263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12820539","https://openalex.org/W213900397","https://openalex.org/W292222157","https://openalex.org/W1746799182","https://openalex.org/W1966809779","https://openalex.org/W1976262362","https://openalex.org/W2008224380","https://openalex.org/W2060542593","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2099322651","https://openalex.org/W2101109743","https://openalex.org/W2101267652","https://openalex.org/W2105471083","https://openalex.org/W2124225314","https://openalex.org/W2128569883","https://openalex.org/W2147494151","https://openalex.org/W2155837945","https://openalex.org/W2256578114","https://openalex.org/W2267339884","https://openalex.org/W2407373148","https://openalex.org/W2746060014","https://openalex.org/W2898978532","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2921901916","https://openalex.org/W2924689635","https://openalex.org/W2954541385","https://openalex.org/W2956531592","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2958816001","https://openalex.org/W2981372033","https://openalex.org/W3000116779","https://openalex.org/W3006150485","https://openalex.org/W3007110981","https://openalex.org/W3034300825","https://openalex.org/W3036013726","https://openalex.org/W3036517673","https://openalex.org/W3042080190","https://openalex.org/W3047409962","https://openalex.org/W3080337533","https://openalex.org/W3097315719","https://openalex.org/W3118992623","https://openalex.org/W3119910173","https://openalex.org/W3120058312","https://openalex.org/W3145098975","https://openalex.org/W3169753169","https://openalex.org/W3173630589","https://openalex.org/W3174098199","https://openalex.org/W3188367166","https://openalex.org/W3193280971","https://openalex.org/W3196382900","https://openalex.org/W3206666897","https://openalex.org/W3217529127","https://openalex.org/W3217648337","https://openalex.org/W4200188712","https://openalex.org/W4206180902","https://openalex.org/W4213147148","https://openalex.org/W4220832941","https://openalex.org/W4247145325","https://openalex.org/W4285215147","https://openalex.org/W4285264774","https://openalex.org/W4292324311","https://openalex.org/W6760566728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391664380","https://openalex.org/W3007110981","https://openalex.org/W3216641812","https://openalex.org/W4367464582","https://openalex.org/W3119910173","https://openalex.org/W3008757006","https://openalex.org/W4407402579","https://openalex.org/W2488806491","https://openalex.org/W4387460393","https://openalex.org/W2579484153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92,255,314],"increased":[1],"use":[2,39],"of":[3,24,66,111,151,197,261,269,296,321],"urban":[4],"technologies":[5,41],"in":[6,85,167,214],"smart":[7],"cities":[8],"brings":[9],"new":[10,176],"challenges":[11],"and":[12,26,35,42,70,88,136,144,171,175,195,230,304],"issues.":[13],"Cyber":[14],"security":[15],"has":[16],"become":[17],"increasingly":[18],"important":[19],"as":[20,130],"many":[21],"critical":[22],"components":[23],"information":[25],"communication":[27],"systems":[28,47,57,78],"depend":[29],"on":[30,190,288,293],"it,":[31],"including":[32],"various":[33],"applications":[34],"civic":[36],"infrastructures":[37],"that":[38,317],"data-driven":[40],"computer":[43,49],"networks.":[44],"Intrusion":[45],"detection":[46,56,77,97],"monitor":[48,79],"networks":[50],"for":[51,127,162,182],"malicious":[52],"activity.":[53],"Signature-based":[54],"intrusion":[55,76],"compare":[58],"the":[59,117,148,152,168,191,198,262,272,294,299,305],"network":[60,80,86],"traffic":[61,81],"pattern":[62],"to":[63,82,95,115,141,210,319],"a":[64,100,108,203,219,252,258,283],"set":[65],"known":[67],"attack":[68],"signatures":[69],"cannot":[71],"identify":[72,89],"unknown":[73,90],"attacks.":[74,91],"Anomaly-based":[75],"detect":[83],"changes":[84],"behavior":[87],"biggest":[93],"obstacle":[94],"anomaly":[96],"is":[98,105,113,188],"building":[99],"statistical":[101],"normality":[102],"model,":[103],"which":[104],"difficult":[106],"because":[107],"large":[109],"amount":[110],"data":[112,129],"required":[114],"estimate":[116],"model.":[118,313],"Supervised":[119],"machine":[120],"learning-based":[121],"binary":[122],"classifiers":[123,273],"are":[124,139,159,180,324],"excellent":[125],"tools":[126],"classifying":[128],"normal":[131],"or":[132],"abnormal.":[133],"Feature":[134],"selection":[135],"feature":[137],"scaling":[138,264],"performed":[140,292],"eliminate":[142],"redundant":[143],"irrelevant":[145],"data.":[146],"Of":[147],"24":[149],"features":[150,158],"Kyoto":[153],"2006+":[154],"dataset,":[155],"nine":[156],"numerical":[157],"considered":[160],"essential":[161],"model":[163],"training.":[164],"Min-Max":[165],"normalization":[166,179,187],"range":[169],"[0,1]":[170],"[\u22121,1],":[172],"Z-score":[173],"standardization,":[174],"hyperbolic":[177,185,199],"tangent":[178,186,200],"used":[181,218],"scaling.":[183],"A":[184],"based":[189,287],"Levenberg-Marquardt":[192],"damping":[193],"strategy":[194],"linearization":[196],"function":[201],"with":[202],"narrow":[204],"slope":[205],"gradient":[206],"around":[207],"zero.":[208],"Due":[209],"proven":[211],"classification":[212],"ability,":[213],"this":[215],"study":[216,281],"we":[217],"feedforward":[220,301],"neural":[221,302],"network,":[222,303],"decision":[223,285],"tree,":[224],"support":[225],"vector":[226],"machine,":[227],"k-nearest":[228,232,311],"neighbor,":[229],"weighted":[231,310],"neighbor":[233,312],"models":[234],"Overall":[235],"accuracy":[236],"decreased":[237],"by":[238,249],"less":[239],"than":[240,251],"0.1":[241],"per":[242],"cent,":[243],"while":[244],"processing":[245,266],"time":[246],"was":[247],"reduced":[248],"more":[250,306],"two-fold":[253],"reduction.":[254],"results":[256,315],"show":[257,316],"clear":[259],"benefit":[260],"TH":[263],"regarding":[265],"time.":[267],"Regardless":[268],"how":[270],"accurate":[271,307],"are,":[274],"their":[275],"decisions":[276,323],"can":[277],"sometimes":[278],"differ.":[279],"Our":[280],"describes":[282],"conflicting":[284],"detector":[286],"an":[289],"XOR":[290],"operation":[291],"outputs":[295],"two":[297],"classifiers,":[298],"fastest":[300],"but":[308],"slower":[309],"up":[318],"6%":[320],"different":[322],"detected.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2022-11-20T00:00:00"}
