{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307774255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","title":"It is time to move on from homology in comparative biology","display_name":"It is time to move on from homology in comparative biology","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307774255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36314971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jmor.21530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173450624","display_name":"Journal of Morphology","issn_l":"0362-2525","issn":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Morphology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045626612","display_name":"Joel L. Cracraft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-8342","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-8342"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338124936","display_name":"American Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/03thb3e06","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel Cracraft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-8342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045626612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97109908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"284","issue":"1","first_page":"e21530","last_page":"e21530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5913000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5913000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.16249999403953552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.057999998331069946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homology","display_name":"homology","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-anatomy","display_name":"comparative anatomy","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richard-owen","display_name":"Richard Owen","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synapomorphies","display_name":"synapomorphies","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetic-characters","display_name":"phylogenetic characters","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotypic-evolution","display_name":"phenotypic evolution","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-ancestor","display_name":"common ancestor","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167891091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962872","display_name":"Synapomorphy","level":5,"score":0.8484241962432861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8152366876602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39234202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904159","display_name":"Comparative biology","level":2,"score":0.7395326495170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165525559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224180","display_name":"Homology (biology)","level":3,"score":0.6130141615867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.578583300113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.5579125881195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.5292804837226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4851287305355072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197583594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052390","display_name":"Most recent common ancestor","level":4,"score":0.4813128709793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80864568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950464","display_name":"Comparative method","level":2,"score":0.4707527756690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.42792823910713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124980797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333018","display_name":"Common descent","level":4,"score":0.42000892758369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.41200560331344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3565996289253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.22912612557411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44465124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713623","display_name":"Clade","level":4,"score":0.13245588541030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12323921918869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.1173076331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11360359191894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09705856442451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001695","descriptor_name":"Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jmor.21530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173450624","display_name":"Journal of Morphology","issn_l":"0362-2525","issn":["0362-2525","1097-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Morphology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36314971","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36314971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of morphology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62553678","https://openalex.org/W219961879","https://openalex.org/W265247890","https://openalex.org/W565848724","https://openalex.org/W622434976","https://openalex.org/W634659594","https://openalex.org/W1488711241","https://openalex.org/W1556055152","https://openalex.org/W1898079045","https://openalex.org/W1975355239","https://openalex.org/W1985816595","https://openalex.org/W1986400713","https://openalex.org/W2002440179","https://openalex.org/W2018484227","https://openalex.org/W2054170399","https://openalex.org/W2062150244","https://openalex.org/W2082312299","https://openalex.org/W2090799783","https://openalex.org/W2114558471","https://openalex.org/W2127760672","https://openalex.org/W2127870168","https://openalex.org/W2128949069","https://openalex.org/W2135852310","https://openalex.org/W2142398288","https://openalex.org/W2144907661","https://openalex.org/W2152958143","https://openalex.org/W2164025789","https://openalex.org/W2180020118","https://openalex.org/W2225238565","https://openalex.org/W2270202973","https://openalex.org/W2299033380","https://openalex.org/W2316280082","https://openalex.org/W2321544600","https://openalex.org/W2477549543","https://openalex.org/W2482411182","https://openalex.org/W2492188044","https://openalex.org/W2504424548","https://openalex.org/W2586946284","https://openalex.org/W2766209507","https://openalex.org/W2953500616","https://openalex.org/W3184837389","https://openalex.org/W3185161472","https://openalex.org/W4210417298","https://openalex.org/W4211055843","https://openalex.org/W4230350175","https://openalex.org/W4231308488","https://openalex.org/W4242631111","https://openalex.org/W4249533827","https://openalex.org/W4250329948","https://openalex.org/W4254837461","https://openalex.org/W4301160265","https://openalex.org/W4301481125","https://openalex.org/W6629139333","https://openalex.org/W6632114590","https://openalex.org/W6632679245","https://openalex.org/W6633204420","https://openalex.org/W6808166906","https://openalex.org/W7052045207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205698932","https://openalex.org/W4211174370","https://openalex.org/W4231723391","https://openalex.org/W2552612469","https://openalex.org/W2166321657","https://openalex.org/W1999938820","https://openalex.org/W2260258293","https://openalex.org/W2014615147","https://openalex.org/W4308370375","https://openalex.org/W2126541390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"continued":[1],"use":[2,208],"of":[3,6,64,106,146,165,168,177,197,209],"the":[4,19,45,84,104,166,175,191,198,207],"idea":[5,21,121],"homology":[7,50,107],"is":[8,16,118],"questionable":[9],"on":[10,18,83,155],"philosophical":[11],"and":[12,66,80,86,91,158,200],"scientific":[13],"grounds.":[14],"It":[15,117],"based":[17],"widespread":[20],"that":[22,69,103,212],"a":[23,33,95,111,119,156,194],"\"homologue\"":[24],"in":[25,35,47,58,71,114,140,144,163],"extant":[26],"taxa":[27,150],"can":[28],"be":[29,188],"\"traced":[30],"back\"":[31],"to":[32,88,98,173,183],"feature":[34],"common":[36],"ancestor.":[37],"In":[38],"contrast,":[39],"Richard":[40],"Owen,":[41],"who":[42],"first":[43],"used":[44],"term":[46],"1846,":[48],"saw":[49],"(homologue)":[51],"differently,":[52],"as":[53,153],"\"sameness\":":[54],"\"the":[55],"same":[56,192],"organ":[57],"different":[59,217],"animals":[60],"under":[61],"every":[62],"variety":[63],"form":[65],"function.\"":[67],"At":[68,190],"point":[70],"time,":[72,193],"he":[73],"was":[74,94],"not":[75],"influenced":[76],"by":[77],"evolutionary":[78],"thinking,":[79],"more":[81,149],"focused":[82],"details":[85],"approaches":[87,211],"biological":[89],"comparison":[90],"description.":[92],"His":[93],"perceptive":[96],"approach":[97],"comparison.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"argues":[102],"concept":[105,167],"no":[108,125],"longer":[109],"plays":[110],"useful":[112],"role":[113],"comparative":[115,185],"biology.":[116],"conceptual":[120],"with":[122],"little":[123],"or":[124,148],"empirical":[126],"implications":[127],"for":[128,160],"modern":[129],"comparisons":[130],"among":[131],"phenotypes.":[132],"Comparative":[133],"biology":[134],"now":[135],"uses":[136],"formal":[137],"phylogenetic":[138],"analysis":[139],"which":[141],"similar":[142],"features":[143],"individuals":[145],"two":[147],"are":[151,172],"treated":[152],"characters":[154],"tree":[157],"tested":[159],"historical":[161,214],"\"sameness\"":[162],"terms":[164],"synapomorphy.":[169],"If":[170],"we":[171],"understand":[174],"complexities":[176],"phenotypic":[178],"evolution,":[179],"applying":[180],"this":[181],"method":[182],"detailed":[184],"data":[186],"will":[187,203],"essential.":[189],"deep":[195],"understanding":[196],"phenotype":[199],"its":[201],"history":[202],"emerge":[204],"only":[205],"through":[206],"multidisciplinary":[210],"address":[213],"changes":[215],"at":[216],"hierarchical":[218],"levels.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-11-05T00:00:00"}
