{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307370643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","title":"Use of Eco-Friendly Materials in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils","display_name":"Use of Eco-Friendly Materials in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307370643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12101770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/10/1770/pdf?version=1666660588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/10/1770/pdf?version=1666660588","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055523347","display_name":"Souhila Rehab Bekkouche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2100-9058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2100-9058"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souhila Rehab Bekkouche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials Geotechnics Housing and Urbanism Laboratory (LMGHU), Department of Civil Engineering, University 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955 Skikda, P.O. Box 26, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Geotechnics Housing and Urbanism Laboratory (LMGHU), Department of Civil Engineering, University 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955 Skikda, P.O. Box 26, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064411715","display_name":"Mohammed Benzerara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0633-1140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0633-1140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108754898","display_name":"Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sf55932","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Benzerara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials Geomaterials and Environment Laboratory (LMGE), Department of Civil Engineering, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, P.O. Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials Geomaterials and Environment Laboratory (LMGE), Department of Civil Engineering, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, P.O. Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018297409","display_name":"Umar Zada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-4906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-4906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Umar Zada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32056, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-4906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32056, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080711681","display_name":"Ghulam Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-3969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-3969"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-3969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041741834","display_name":"Zulfiqar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-1287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-1287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulfiqar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-1287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018297409","https://openalex.org/A5080711681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921","https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":2.3609,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87845296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"1770","last_page":"1770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansive-soil","display_name":"expansive soil","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-stabilization","display_name":"soil stabilization","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-fibers","display_name":"natural fibers","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling-pressure","display_name":"swelling pressure","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling-coefficient","display_name":"swelling coefficient","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-mechanical-properties","display_name":"soil mechanical properties","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atterberg-limits","display_name":"Atterberg limits","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-shear-strength","display_name":"direct shear strength","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-reinforcement","display_name":"soil reinforcement","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodegradable-materials","display_name":"biodegradable materials","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1121360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626102","display_name":"Expansive clay","level":3,"score":0.9644104838371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171534860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870","display_name":"Environmentally friendly","level":2,"score":0.7442789673805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6511980295181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116973930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143620","display_name":"Atterberg limits","level":3,"score":0.6144814491271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.6113076210021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.5926520824432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780502288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28838156","display_name":"Expansive","level":3,"score":0.5469527244567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.5406699776649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.45975399017333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43266960978507996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780189059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4185001","display_name":"Soil stabilization","level":3,"score":0.41348662972450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.24503031373023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2382679283618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2328580915927887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.12520435452461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10467875003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12101770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/10/1770/pdf?version=1666660588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e029ec75e5914a72ba7485d4539c95ef","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e029ec75e5914a72ba7485d4539c95ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 1770 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12101770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/10/1770/pdf?version=1666660588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2078338634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSP-2021/34","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7545718068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSP-2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307370643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307370643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964782276","https://openalex.org/W1970528844","https://openalex.org/W1972661435","https://openalex.org/W1990632069","https://openalex.org/W1993570903","https://openalex.org/W2071521785","https://openalex.org/W2077827788","https://openalex.org/W2078313968","https://openalex.org/W2134003176","https://openalex.org/W2520690047","https://openalex.org/W2774055231","https://openalex.org/W3010122202","https://openalex.org/W3030859813","https://openalex.org/W3146713190","https://openalex.org/W3155257118","https://openalex.org/W3165935312","https://openalex.org/W3178728464","https://openalex.org/W3198215347","https://openalex.org/W3204333264","https://openalex.org/W4206488974","https://openalex.org/W4289878280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416415588","https://openalex.org/W4408705490","https://openalex.org/W7127383275","https://openalex.org/W2241330191","https://openalex.org/W4288721988","https://openalex.org/W4398139381","https://openalex.org/W2184215576","https://openalex.org/W4381550308","https://openalex.org/W3092419179","https://openalex.org/W4417226380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volume":[0],"change":[1],"of":[2,36,66,73,101,105,107,113,121,129,138,151,163],"expansive":[3,32,74,130],"soils":[4,131],"is":[5,132],"a":[6],"challenging":[7],"issue,":[8],"which":[9],"affects":[10],"various":[11],"engineering":[12],"structures":[13],"all":[14],"over":[15],"the":[16,28,41,55,64,70,108,114,126,136,148,161,164],"world.":[17],"Consequently,":[18],"we":[19],"need":[20],"environmentally-friendly":[21],"and":[22,50,88,94,119],"cost-effective":[23],"soil":[24,96,115],"stabilizers":[25],"to":[26,31,62,159],"address":[27],"challenges":[29],"related":[30],"soils.":[33,75],"The":[34,103],"utilization":[35],"natural":[37,67,122,139],"fibers":[38,68,123],"allows":[39],"for":[40],"reduction":[42,144],"in":[43,147,167],"environmental":[44],"impact":[45],"since":[46],"they":[47],"are":[48],"renewable":[49],"biodegradable":[51],"raw":[52],"materials.":[53],"Moreover,":[54],"current":[56,165],"article":[57],"presents":[58],"an":[59],"experimental":[60,77],"approach":[61],"study":[63],"effect":[65],"on":[69,92],"mechanical":[71,127],"behavior":[72,128],"Various":[76],"tests\u2014such":[78],"as":[79],"Atterberg":[80],"limits,":[81],"standard":[82],"compaction,":[83],"direct":[84],"shear,":[85],"swelling":[86,89,149],"potential,":[87],"pressure\u2014were":[90],"conducted":[91],"control":[93],"treated":[95,152],"samples":[97],"using":[98],"different":[99],"percentages":[100],"fibers.":[102,140],"results":[104],"measurements":[106],"physico-mechanical":[109],"properties":[110],"after":[111],"reinforcement":[112],"with":[116],"1%,":[117],"5%,":[118],"10%":[120],"indicate":[124],"that":[125],"greatly":[133],"influenced":[134],"by":[135],"addition":[137],"To":[141],"conclude,":[142],"86%":[143],"was":[145],"observed":[146],"coefficient":[150],"soil.":[153],"Future":[154],"research":[155],"can":[156],"be":[157],"done":[158],"check":[160],"durability":[162],"practice":[166],"detail.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00"}