{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307264124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","title":"Nonlinear Frequency-Modulated Waveforms Modeling and Optimization for Radar Applications","display_name":"Nonlinear Frequency-Modulated Waveforms Modeling and Optimization for Radar Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307264124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math10213939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/21/3939/pdf?version=1667374763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/21/3939/pdf?version=1667374763","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028380070","display_name":"Zhihuo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5645-3610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5645-3610"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihuo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5645-3610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346507","display_name":"Xiaoyue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-9236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-9236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101841247","display_name":"Yuexia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-103X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-103X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuexia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-103X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar Signal Processing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101841247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":2.5297,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8998538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"21","first_page":"3939","last_page":"3939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-waveform-design","display_name":"radar waveform design","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sidelobe-suppression","display_name":"sidelobe suppression","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firefly-algorithm","display_name":"firefly algorithm","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-target-detection","display_name":"weak target detection","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/velocity-measurement-accuracy","display_name":"velocity measurement accuracy","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-frequency-analysis","display_name":"time-frequency analysis","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.7160000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.789463996887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6609383225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.5455174446105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4675872325897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4658181667327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4615149199962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.43434977531433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3898543119430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3450987935066223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3210335373878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1979506015777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/math10213939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/21/3939/pdf?version=1667374763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:10:y:2022:i:21:p:3939-:d:951345","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/21/3939/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0330feac6bd54ce3ae6a3cba84c06880","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0330feac6bd54ce3ae6a3cba84c06880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics, Vol 10, Iss 21, p 3939 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math10213939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/21/3939/pdf?version=1667374763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2349298905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42005100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7508842127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MS22022016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307264124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307264124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985983513","https://openalex.org/W2146245603","https://openalex.org/W2240549991","https://openalex.org/W2771437875","https://openalex.org/W2810071754","https://openalex.org/W2941643930","https://openalex.org/W2957158099","https://openalex.org/W2981685216","https://openalex.org/W2999457199","https://openalex.org/W3153342265","https://openalex.org/W3210369023","https://openalex.org/W4244753254","https://openalex.org/W4297548968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003158957","https://openalex.org/W4312401978","https://openalex.org/W2981685216","https://openalex.org/W4417274290","https://openalex.org/W7169420852","https://openalex.org/W4385729674","https://openalex.org/W4388115783","https://openalex.org/W4205728867","https://openalex.org/W4205570564","https://openalex.org/W4404278768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"radars":[1],"commonly":[2],"use":[3,144],"a":[4,17,25,51,61,94],"linear":[5],"frequency-modulated":[6,68],"(LFM)":[7],"waveform":[8,114,162],"as":[9,98,121,123],"the":[10,34,48,72,77,84,88,99,103,108,111,127,130,135,140,152,157,160,166,169],"transmitted":[11],"signal.":[12],"The":[13],"LFM":[14],"radar":[15,161],"is":[16,139],"simple":[18],"system,":[19],"but":[20],"its":[21],"impulse-response":[22],"function":[23],"produces":[24],"\u221213.25":[26],"dB":[27],"sidelobe,":[28],"which":[29],"in":[30],"turn":[31],"can":[32,163],"make":[33],"detection":[35],"of":[36,50,76,110,129,159,168],"weak":[37,44],"targets":[38],"difficult":[39],"by":[40,82,92],"drowning":[41],"out":[42],"adjacent":[43],"target":[45],"information":[46],"with":[47],"sidelobe":[49,158],"strong":[52],"target.":[53],"To":[54,134],"overcome":[55],"this":[56,58,138],"challenge,":[57],"paper":[59],"presents":[60],"modeling":[62],"and":[63,118],"optimization":[64],"method":[65],"for":[66,147],"non-linear":[67],"(NLFM)":[69],"waveforms.":[70],"Firstly,":[71],"time-frequency":[73],"relationship":[74],"model":[75],"NLFM":[78,113,145],"signal":[79,89],"was":[80,90],"combined":[81],"using":[83,93],"Legendre":[85],"polynomial.":[86],"Next,":[87],"optimized":[91],"bio-inspired":[95],"method,":[96],"known":[97],"Firefly":[100],"algorithm.":[101],"Finally,":[102],"numerical":[104],"results":[105,153],"show":[106,154],"that":[107,155],"advantages":[109],"proposed":[112],"include":[115],"high":[116,119],"resolution":[117],"sensitivity,":[120],"well":[122],"ultra-low":[124],"sidelobes":[125],"without":[126],"loss":[128],"signal-to-noise":[131],"ratio":[132],"(SNR).":[133],"authors\u2019":[136],"knowledge,":[137],"first":[141],"study":[142],"to":[143],"signals":[146],"target-velocity":[148],"improvement":[149],"measurements.":[150,171],"Importantly,":[151],"mitigating":[156],"significantly":[164],"improve":[165],"accuracy":[167],"velocity":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00"}
