{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306404484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","title":"Data-Driven Robust Data Envelopment Analysis for Evaluating the Carbon Emissions Efficiency of Provinces in China","display_name":"Data-Driven Robust Data Envelopment Analysis for Evaluating the Carbon Emissions Efficiency of Provinces in China","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306404484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su142013318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13318/pdf?version=1666675422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13318/pdf?version=1666675422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055101551","display_name":"Shaojian Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-270X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-270X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojian Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-270X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050422016","display_name":"Yuting Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-3753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-3753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-3753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018213183","display_name":"Ying Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2985-6449","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2985-6449"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046146987","display_name":"Can Feng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034331375","display_name":"Jinpeng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2440-5647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2440-5647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinpeng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941351","display_name":"Shan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-3602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-3602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018213183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":2.6449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90204824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"13318","last_page":"13318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-data-envelopment-analysis","display_name":"robust data envelopment analysis","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-carbon-policy","display_name":"dual carbon policy","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-sets","display_name":"uncertainty sets","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/box-set","display_name":"box set","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provincial-energy-efficiency","display_name":"provincial energy efficiency","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-coordinated-development","display_name":"regional coordinated development","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-structure-transformation","display_name":"energy structure transformation","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-technology-innovation","display_name":"green technology innovation","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbon-lifestyle","display_name":"low-carbon lifestyle","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.8500000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.8796727657318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7313878536224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.6766987442970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.6531433463096619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.46436426043510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4460059404373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4437185823917389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4066350758075714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35547158122062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35179591178894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3410668671131134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3294016420841217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21524345874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1080610454082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su142013318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13318/pdf?version=1666675422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13318-:d:944230","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13318/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89944d1fb9ef472082ae71a5a5cd0487","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89944d1fb9ef472082ae71a5a5cd0487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 13318, p 13318 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su142013318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13318/pdf?version=1666675422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3158755861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6199196958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306404484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306404484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188587519","https://openalex.org/W1983961430","https://openalex.org/W2003777645","https://openalex.org/W2006093909","https://openalex.org/W2033834012","https://openalex.org/W2076452041","https://openalex.org/W2076936523","https://openalex.org/W2086163415","https://openalex.org/W2091417012","https://openalex.org/W2092880597","https://openalex.org/W2118578357","https://openalex.org/W2129763896","https://openalex.org/W2508961289","https://openalex.org/W2606445023","https://openalex.org/W2770206078","https://openalex.org/W2787247711","https://openalex.org/W2808552269","https://openalex.org/W2946708311","https://openalex.org/W2956814829","https://openalex.org/W2965795999","https://openalex.org/W2972699721","https://openalex.org/W2973344016","https://openalex.org/W2991163611","https://openalex.org/W3013457892","https://openalex.org/W3019291241","https://openalex.org/W3040795990","https://openalex.org/W3048052522","https://openalex.org/W3082147753","https://openalex.org/W3087438010","https://openalex.org/W3121371592","https://openalex.org/W3128363455","https://openalex.org/W3134130052","https://openalex.org/W3150667673","https://openalex.org/W3164447899","https://openalex.org/W3174387893","https://openalex.org/W3178906287","https://openalex.org/W3185073037","https://openalex.org/W3216312335","https://openalex.org/W4210808119","https://openalex.org/W4214734392","https://openalex.org/W4251616545","https://openalex.org/W4291149124","https://openalex.org/W4293252868","https://openalex.org/W4293253119","https://openalex.org/W4294983443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2602064313","https://openalex.org/W4413850692","https://openalex.org/W4409169610","https://openalex.org/W4412985853","https://openalex.org/W1129173729","https://openalex.org/W3019291241","https://openalex.org/W4414978154","https://openalex.org/W2912571695","https://openalex.org/W4412973376","https://openalex.org/W2045426633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"combat":[1],"global":[2],"warming,":[3],"China":[4],"proposed":[5],"the":[6,70,98,108,116,125,132,141,146],"\u201cdual":[7],"carbon\u201d":[8],"policy":[9,44],"in":[10,102,150],"2020.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13,105],"context,":[14],"it":[15],"becomes":[16],"crucial":[17],"to":[18,32,54,68,96,113,157],"improve":[19,58],"carbon":[20,34,117],"emissions":[21,35,118],"efficiency.":[22,36],"Currently,":[23],"some":[24],"scholars":[25],"have":[26],"utilized":[27],"data":[28],"envelopment":[29],"analysis":[30],"(DEA)":[31],"study":[33],"However,":[37],"uncertainty":[38,56,77],"about":[39],"climate":[40],"and":[41,57,83,143,153,161],"government":[42,133],"economic":[43],"is":[45,64,93],"ignored.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48,106],"establishes":[49],"a":[50,86,159],"robust":[51,61,71,87,103,110,127],"DEA":[52,67,72,88,111,128],"model":[53,89,112,129],"reduce":[55],"robustness.":[59],"First,":[60],"optimization":[62],"theory":[63],"combined":[65],"with":[66],"establish":[69],"model.":[73],"Second,":[74],"considering":[75],"three":[76],"sets":[78],"(box":[79],"set,":[80,82],"ellipsoid":[81],"polyhedron":[84],"set),":[85],"for":[90,155],"different":[91],"situations":[92],"considered.":[94],"Finally,":[95],"address":[97],"problem":[99],"of":[100,120,124,145],"over-conservatism":[101],"optimization,":[104],"applies":[107],"data-driven":[109,126],"further":[114],"analyze":[115],"efficiency":[119],"China.":[121],"The":[122],"results":[123],"suggest":[130],"that":[131],"should":[134],"focus":[135],"on":[136],"coordinated":[137],"regional":[138],"development,":[139],"promote":[140],"transformation":[142],"upgrading":[144],"energy":[147],"structure,":[148],"innovate":[149],"green":[151,160],"technology,":[152],"advocate":[154],"people":[156],"live":[158],"low-carbon":[162],"lifestyle.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-10-17T00:00:00"}
