{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306149787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","title":"Impact of Iterative Bilateral Filtering on the Noise Power Spectrum of Computed Tomography Images","display_name":"Impact of Iterative Bilateral Filtering on the Noise Power Spectrum of Computed Tomography Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306149787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15100374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/374/pdf?version=1665654202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/374/pdf?version=1665654202","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045657396","display_name":"Choirul Anam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0156-6797","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0156-6797"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11855966","display_name":"Diponegoro University","ror":"https://ror.org/056bjta22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Choirul Anam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0156-6797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033876043","display_name":"Ariij Naufal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11855966","display_name":"Diponegoro University","ror":"https://ror.org/056bjta22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariij Naufal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030638051","display_name":"Heri Sutanto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-9633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-9633","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-1839","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1808-9081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11855966","display_name":"Diponegoro University","ror":"https://ror.org/056bjta22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heri Sutanto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-9633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074947439","display_name":"Kusworo Adi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-6554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-6554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11855966","display_name":"Diponegoro University","ror":"https://ror.org/056bjta22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kusworo Adi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-6554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065930422","display_name":"Geoff Dougherty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-3595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-3595"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194388944","display_name":"California State University, Channel Islands","ror":"https://ror.org/04v097707","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194388944"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoff Dougherty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physics and Medical Imaging, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-3595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physics and Medical Imaging, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194388944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045657396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11855966"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"fwci":0.9015,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71250338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"374","last_page":"374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-filter","display_name":"bilateral filter","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-power-spectrum","display_name":"noise power spectrum","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation-transfer-function","display_name":"modulation transfer function","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-resolution","display_name":"spatial resolution","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tube-current","display_name":"tube current","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-texture","display_name":"noise texture","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-preservation","display_name":"edge preservation","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropomorphic-phantom","display_name":"anthropomorphic phantom","score":0.9390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6787714958190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.6714642643928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35772409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323086","display_name":"Image noise","level":3,"score":0.6389690637588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6085824370384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5662021636962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175231954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1942321","display_name":"Optical transfer function","level":2,"score":0.5568787455558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156140930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860417","display_name":"Bilateral filter","level":3,"score":0.5554550290107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5341896414756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5130389928817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4804924726486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1160358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861103","display_name":"Dark-frame subtraction","level":5,"score":0.4455825388431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4288046658039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4141387939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3807634711265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37887465953826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3614310026168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3025285005569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55352655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304247","display_name":"Median filter","level":4,"score":0.2777288556098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2586010694503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18437165021896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08019047975540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15100374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/374/pdf?version=1665654202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ed7483203584bcfa9ce7e07d2ded3d6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ed7483203584bcfa9ce7e07d2ded3d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 374 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a15100374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a15100374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/15/10/374/pdf?version=1665654202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306149787.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306149787.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543995890","https://openalex.org/W1979139980","https://openalex.org/W1995194116","https://openalex.org/W2002611249","https://openalex.org/W2005810998","https://openalex.org/W2020585077","https://openalex.org/W2042877457","https://openalex.org/W2056219398","https://openalex.org/W2062095786","https://openalex.org/W2066068719","https://openalex.org/W2067527952","https://openalex.org/W2080380770","https://openalex.org/W2081531608","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2097869901","https://openalex.org/W2100925004","https://openalex.org/W2117651120","https://openalex.org/W2122275806","https://openalex.org/W2135908712","https://openalex.org/W2137571255","https://openalex.org/W2140273534","https://openalex.org/W2145039434","https://openalex.org/W2145367339","https://openalex.org/W2224206706","https://openalex.org/W2250046770","https://openalex.org/W2341765229","https://openalex.org/W2345638687","https://openalex.org/W2523475678","https://openalex.org/W2791749046","https://openalex.org/W2888266695","https://openalex.org/W2898404836","https://openalex.org/W2913550532","https://openalex.org/W2945958333","https://openalex.org/W2963372778","https://openalex.org/W2969119144","https://openalex.org/W2995446020","https://openalex.org/W3009733153","https://openalex.org/W3014783717","https://openalex.org/W3015491770","https://openalex.org/W3087466727","https://openalex.org/W3130910673","https://openalex.org/W4283576541","https://openalex.org/W4284976648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097863167","https://openalex.org/W4297474823","https://openalex.org/W2032615752","https://openalex.org/W1964231221","https://openalex.org/W2007919187","https://openalex.org/W2151588937","https://openalex.org/W7011817154","https://openalex.org/W4285326127","https://openalex.org/W3161355918","https://openalex.org/W4367054036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"bilateral":[1,23,170],"filter":[2,24,99,171],"is":[3,181,238],"a":[4,22,44,69,85,119,257],"non-linear":[5],"denoising":[6],"algorithm":[7],"that":[8,168],"can":[9],"reduce":[10],"noise":[11,28,82,95,102,176,210,261],"while":[12],"preserving":[13],"the":[14,19,27,94,101,109,130,133,169,184,209,220,230,235,241,252],"edges.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17],"explores":[18],"characteristics":[20],"of":[21,43,52,71,87,112,157,232,234,244],"in":[25,36,97,174],"changing":[26],"and":[29,55,84,115,132,154,208,246,267],"texture":[30,96],"within":[31],"computed":[32],"tomography":[33],"(CT)":[34],"images":[35,42,59],"an":[37,138],"iterative":[38],"implementation.":[39],"We":[40],"collected":[41],"homogeneous":[45],"Neusoft":[46],"phantom":[47,140,254],"scanned":[48],"with":[49,68,229,260],"tube":[50,62,190,206],"currents":[51],"77,":[53],"154,":[54],"231":[56],"mAs.":[57],"The":[58,122,192,223,248],"for":[60,108,188,204],"each":[61,98,113],"current":[63],"were":[64,142,160],"filtered":[65,134],"five":[66,110],"times":[67],"configuration":[70],"sigma":[72,78],"space":[73],"(\u03c3d)":[74],"=":[75,81],"2":[76],"pixels,":[77],"intensity":[79],"(\u03c3r)":[80],"level,":[83],"kernel":[86],"5":[88,90],"\u00d7":[89],"pixels.":[91],"To":[92],"observe":[93,146],"iteration,":[100],"power":[103],"spectrum":[104],"(NPS)":[105],"was":[106,126,172,195,212],"obtained":[107],"slices":[111],"dataset":[114],"averaged":[116],"to":[117,145,200,219,265],"generate":[118],"stable":[120],"curve.":[121],"modulation-transfer":[123],"function":[124],"(MTF)":[125],"also":[127],"measured":[128],"from":[129,197],"original":[131,221],"images.":[135,222],"Tests":[136],"on":[137,149,162,251],"anthropomorphic":[139,253],"image":[141,255],"carried":[143],"out":[144],"their":[147],"impact":[148],"clinical":[150],"scenarios.":[151],"Noise":[152],"measurements":[153],"visual":[155],"observations":[156],"edge":[158],"sharpness":[159],"performed":[161],"this":[163],"image.":[164],"Our":[165],"results":[166,250],"showed":[167],"effective":[173],"suppressing":[175],"at":[177],"high":[178],"frequencies,":[179],"which":[180,237],"confirmed":[182,239],"by":[183,214,240,263],"sloping":[185],"NPS":[186],"curve":[187],"different":[189],"currents.":[191],"peak":[193],"frequency":[194],"shifted":[196],"about":[198,201],"0.2":[199],"0.1":[202],"mm\u22121":[203],"all":[205],"currents,":[207],"magnitude":[211],"reduced":[213,262],"more":[215],"than":[216],"50%":[217],"compared":[218],"spatial":[224],"resolution":[225],"does":[226],"not":[227],"change":[228],"number":[231],"iterations":[233],"filter,":[236],"constant":[242],"values":[243],"MTF50":[245],"MTF10.":[247],"test":[249],"show":[256],"similar":[258],"pattern,":[259],"up":[264],"60%":[266],"object":[268],"edges":[269],"remaining":[270],"sharp.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-10-14T00:00:00"}
