{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4301667409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8955","title":"Is Strong Reciprocity a Maladaptation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism","display_name":"Is Strong Reciprocity a Maladaptation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4301667409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:52038","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fehr, Ernst; Henrich, Joseph (2003). Is Strong Reciprocity a Maladaptation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism. Working paper series / Institute for Empirical Research in Economics No. 140, University of Zurich.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023874785","display_name":"Ernst Fehr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6325-7821","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6325-7821"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fehr, Ernst","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034266052","display_name":"Joseph Henrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5012-0065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5012-0065"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrich, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.4771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strong-reciprocity","display_name":"strong reciprocity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altruism","display_name":"altruism","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-of-cooperation","display_name":"evolution of cooperation","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness-norms","display_name":"fairness norms","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maladaptive-behavior","display_name":"maladaptive behavior","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultimate-explanation","display_name":"ultimate explanation","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-evolution","display_name":"experimental evolution","score":0.5350000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182025440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4864574","display_name":"Maladaptation","level":2,"score":0.9583649635314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780279448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2559380","display_name":"Altruism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.8382880687713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.7226755619049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44520941376686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3850295841693878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37530145049095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3345468044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33105430006980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":12,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:52038","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fehr, Ernst; Henrich, Joseph (2003). Is Strong Reciprocity a Maladaptation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism. Working paper series / Institute for Empirical Research in Economics No. 140, University of Zurich.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ces:ceswps:_859","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp859.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp859.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:iza:izadps:dp712","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp712.pdf","pdf_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp712.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.163.1779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.1779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.iew.uzh.ch/institute/people/fehr/publications/IsStrongReciprocityaMaladaptation.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.200.8425","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.200.8425","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://chicagofed.org/cedric/cedric_files/CED/iewwp140.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.8.3481","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.8.3481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.unizh.ch/iew/wp/iewwp140.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.23668/psycharchives.8955","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bsz:291-psydok-16812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/20588","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/20588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/76253","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/76253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psydok:20.500.11780/1135","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11780/1135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400769","display_name":"PsyDok Dokumentenserver f\u00fcr die Psychologie (Leibniz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Psychologische Information und Dokumentation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report (Bericht)"},{"id":"doi:10.23668/psycharchives.8955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051534","display_name":"Psychology Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801974073","host_organization_name":"Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801974073"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-52038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-52038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-52038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:52038","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52038/1/iewwp140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fehr, Ernst; Henrich, Joseph (2003). Is Strong Reciprocity a Maladaptation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism. Working paper series / Institute for Empirical Research in Economics No. 140, University of Zurich.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306142","display_name":"John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00dxczh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314997","display_name":"Strong","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyzr56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7001285784","https://openalex.org/W7030048474","https://openalex.org/W2150844554","https://openalex.org/W2975102185","https://openalex.org/W4238014050","https://openalex.org/W3028463207","https://openalex.org/W7066738738","https://openalex.org/W2156391665","https://openalex.org/W4232264335","https://openalex.org/W2152634578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years":[2],"a":[3],"large":[4],"number":[5],"of":[6,13,30,49,87],"experimental":[7,42],"studies":[8],"have":[9],"documented":[10],"the":[11,28,65],"existence":[12],"strong":[14,50,54,88],"reciprocity":[15,19,55],"among":[16],"humans.":[17],"Strong":[18],"means":[20],"that":[21,45,68,77],"people":[22],"willingly":[23],"repay":[24],"gifts":[25],"and":[26,32],"punish":[27],"violation":[29],"cooperation":[31],"fairness":[33],"norms":[34],"even":[35],"in":[36],"anonymous":[37],"one-shot":[38],"encounters":[39],"with":[40],"genetically":[41],"evidence":[43,66],"suggesting":[44],"ultimate":[46,85],"evolutionary":[47,79],"explanations":[48],"reciprocity.":[51,89],"can":[52],"rationalize":[53],"only":[56],"if":[57],"it":[58,69],"is":[59,70],"viewed":[60],"as":[61],"maladaptive":[62],"behavior":[63],"whereas":[64],"suggests":[67],"an":[71],"adaptive":[72],"trait.":[73],"Thus,":[74],"we":[75],"conclude":[76],"alternative":[78],"approaches":[80],"are":[81],"needed":[82],"to":[83],"provide":[84],"accounts":[86]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-24T07:57:37.273135","created_date":"2022-10-05T00:00:00"}