{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4298646368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.08859","title":"Changes in Crime Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"Changes in Crime Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4298646368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.08859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.08859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08859","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08859","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065893560","display_name":"Mikaela Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-3405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-3405"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meyer, Mikaela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005326860","display_name":"Ahmed Hassafy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassafy, Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055820765","display_name":"Gina Lewis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lewis, Gina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014390947","display_name":"Prasun Shrestha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shrestha, Prasun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085836154","display_name":"Amelia M. Haviland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-4031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-4031"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haviland, Amelia M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090183461","display_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nagin, Daniel S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-rates","display_name":"crime rates","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-vehicle-theft","display_name":"motor vehicle theft","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burglary","display_name":"burglary","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robbery","display_name":"robbery","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theft","display_name":"theft","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lockdown","display_name":"lockdown","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-policy","display_name":"criminal policy","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-experiment","display_name":"natural experiment","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7952467203140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.7827682495117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.6614333391189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.547921895980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4945010840892792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4922734797000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.45950600504875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4342244267463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39105117321014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3073527216911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.29890888929367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2735973298549652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21018359065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16893580555915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.1689278781414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.16529685258865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.11369091272354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07296419143676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.08859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08859","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.08859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.08859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.08859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.08859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08859","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2242490357","display_name":"RAPID: Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Crime and Corrections Populations","funder_award_id":"2029890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2584449986","display_name":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)","funder_award_id":"1745016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199903199","https://openalex.org/W3032520020","https://openalex.org/W3124838209","https://openalex.org/W4324072468","https://openalex.org/W3038770792","https://openalex.org/W4388696094","https://openalex.org/W3165720352","https://openalex.org/W7221831254","https://openalex.org/W3121228667","https://openalex.org/W4391610672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,229],"estimate":[1],"changes":[2,167,238],"in":[3,42,67,77,84,153,168,195,239,274],"the":[4,20,38,43,88,103,116,121,145,162,171,174,181,199,202,232,242,253,259,266,270,275,294],"rates":[5,178,192],"of":[6,37,118,123,144,161,173,183,261,265,277],"five":[7,207],"FBI":[8],"Part":[9,208],"1":[10,209],"crime":[11,32,65,95,129,191,256,279],"(homicide,":[12],"auto":[13,134],"theft,":[14,135],"burglary,":[15],"robbery,":[16],"and":[17,71,79,133,155,164,198,220,241],"larceny)":[18],"during":[19,140,157],"COVID-19":[21],"pandemic":[22,163,243,271,295],"from":[23,35,45,75,293],"March":[24],"through":[25,48],"December":[26,49],"2020.":[27],"Using":[28],"publicly":[29],"available":[30],"weekly":[31],"count":[33],"data":[34],"29":[36],"70":[39],"largest":[40],"cities":[41],"U.S.":[44],"January":[46],"2018":[47,78],"2020,":[50],"three":[51],"different":[52,196],"linear":[53],"regression":[54],"model":[55],"specifications":[56],"are":[57,225],"used":[58],"to":[59,92,193,237,250],"detect":[60,93],"changes.":[61],"One":[62],"detects":[63],"whether":[64,94,120],"trends":[66,96],"four":[68],"2020":[69,90],"pre-":[70],"post-pandemic":[72],"periods":[73,101],"differ":[74],"those":[76],"2019.":[80],"A":[81],"second":[82],"looks":[83],"more":[85],"detail":[86],"at":[87,286],"spring":[89],"lockdowns":[91],"changed":[97],"over":[98,170],"successive":[99],"biweekly":[100],"into":[102],"lockdown.":[104,186],"The":[105],"third":[106],"uses":[107],"a":[108,262],"city-level":[109],"openness":[110,124],"index":[111],"that":[112,231],"we":[113,136,149,281],"created":[114],"for":[115,190,201,205,247],"purpose":[117],"examining":[119],"degree":[122,182],"was":[125],"associated":[126],"with":[127,180,213,217,222],"changing":[128],"rates.":[130,257],"For":[131],"homicide":[132],"find":[137,150],"significant":[138,151,166],"increases":[139],"all":[141,158],"or":[142,159],"most":[143],"pandemic.":[146,175],"By":[147],"contrast,":[148],"declines":[152],"robbery":[154],"larceny":[156,177],"part":[160],"no":[165,214],"burglary":[169],"course":[172],"Only":[176],"fluctuated":[179],"each":[184],"city's":[185],"It":[187],"is":[188],"unusual":[189],"move":[194],"directions,":[197],"reasons":[200,233],"mixed":[203],"findings":[204],"these":[206],"Index":[210],"crimes,":[211],"one":[212],"change,":[215],"two":[216,221],"sustained":[218,223],"increases,":[219],"decreases,":[224],"not":[226],"yet":[227],"known.":[228],"hypothesize":[230],"may":[234],"be":[235],"related":[236],"opportunity,":[240],"provides":[244],"unique":[245],"opportunities":[246],"future":[248],"research":[249],"better":[251],"understand":[252],"forces":[254],"impacting":[255],"In":[258],"absence":[260],"clear":[263],"understanding":[264],"mechanisms":[267],"by":[268],"which":[269],"affected":[272],"crime,":[273],"spirit":[276],"evidence-based":[278],"policy,":[280],"caution":[282],"against":[283],"advancing":[284],"policy":[285],"this":[287],"time":[288],"based":[289],"on":[290],"lessons":[291],"learned":[292],"\"natural":[296],"experiment.\"":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2022-10-02T00:00:00"}
