{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297988702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","title":"Scientific rewards for biomedical specialization are large and persistent","display_name":"Scientific rewards for biomedical specialization are large and persistent","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297988702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175953","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9524129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25903957","display_name":"BMC Biology","issn_l":"1741-7007","issn":["1741-7007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086533373","display_name":"Ga\u00e9tan de Rassenfosse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-0918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-0918"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ga\u00e9tan de\u00a0Rassenfosse","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. gaetan.derassenfosse@epfl.ch","College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. gaetan.derassenfosse@epfl.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030800274","display_name":"Kyle Higham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-4101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-4101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111428342","display_name":"Hitotsubashi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jqj7p05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Higham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-4101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111428342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071390808","display_name":"Orion Penner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3382-9491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3382-9491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orion Penner","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Management of Technology, Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086533373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2747,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2962},"fwci":0.3365,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62705806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"211","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12766","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-specialization","display_name":"scientific specialization","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-impact","display_name":"scientific impact","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-impact","display_name":"citation impact","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-researchers","display_name":"biomedical scientists","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-productivity","display_name":"research productivity","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-stages","display_name":"career stages","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-output","display_name":"publication output","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-incentives","display_name":"research incentives","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-careers","display_name":"scientific careers","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.634863018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.594514012336731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.5394561886787415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4379204511642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4300099015235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2241716980934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1944548785686493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1328643262386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.10208603739738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09597465395927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25903957","display_name":"BMC Biology","issn_l":"1741-7007","issn":["1741-7007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4314668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4314668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4314668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:36175953","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9524129","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9524129/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:iip:wpaper:19","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cdm-repec.epfl.ch/iip-wpaper/WP19.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cdm-repec.epfl.ch/iip-wpaper/WP19.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a6aa4a3caea4fa7905ba6ac33f34ca6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a6aa4a3caea4fa7905ba6ac33f34ca6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Biology, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-33 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:297391","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/191547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12915-022-01400-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25903957","display_name":"BMC Biology","issn_l":"1741-7007","issn":["1741-7007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8451094543","display_name":"Untangling Researcher Mobility, Productivity, and Knowledge Fit","funder_award_id":"167943","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297988702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297988702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W363554780","https://openalex.org/W600555831","https://openalex.org/W1546171873","https://openalex.org/W1559646899","https://openalex.org/W1687451443","https://openalex.org/W1690291114","https://openalex.org/W1887814245","https://openalex.org/W1964879903","https://openalex.org/W1965602189","https://openalex.org/W1972499088","https://openalex.org/W1984060303","https://openalex.org/W2001902090","https://openalex.org/W2005834521","https://openalex.org/W2014643663","https://openalex.org/W2022369531","https://openalex.org/W2023235317","https://openalex.org/W2041073071","https://openalex.org/W2049015059","https://openalex.org/W2066752129","https://openalex.org/W2068452509","https://openalex.org/W2070942094","https://openalex.org/W2075857849","https://openalex.org/W2089644168","https://openalex.org/W2089770475","https://openalex.org/W2090961555","https://openalex.org/W2090987348","https://openalex.org/W2096354859","https://openalex.org/W2102017123","https://openalex.org/W2108739262","https://openalex.org/W2110158660","https://openalex.org/W2112392944","https://openalex.org/W2129658695","https://openalex.org/W2135294639","https://openalex.org/W2152468166","https://openalex.org/W2152513188","https://openalex.org/W2154347050","https://openalex.org/W2158550208","https://openalex.org/W2164998314","https://openalex.org/W2324604439","https://openalex.org/W2527780137","https://openalex.org/W2596990011","https://openalex.org/W2607413328","https://openalex.org/W2806551091","https://openalex.org/W2868632063","https://openalex.org/W2884078607","https://openalex.org/W2886439396","https://openalex.org/W2921288816","https://openalex.org/W2979377052","https://openalex.org/W2979870252","https://openalex.org/W3006753318","https://openalex.org/W3043042346","https://openalex.org/W3093843154","https://openalex.org/W3115533035","https://openalex.org/W3121722162","https://openalex.org/W3122655155","https://openalex.org/W3123050710","https://openalex.org/W3124253902","https://openalex.org/W3170968253","https://openalex.org/W3179925474","https://openalex.org/W4212821304","https://openalex.org/W4246994155","https://openalex.org/W4292887282","https://openalex.org/W4323285543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380923692","https://openalex.org/W7166660912","https://openalex.org/W2152513188","https://openalex.org/W2096119600","https://openalex.org/W2756827716","https://openalex.org/W4388129970","https://openalex.org/W2148355043","https://openalex.org/W2075464897","https://openalex.org/W3191376372","https://openalex.org/W3006652226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"While":[1],"specialization":[2,62,87],"plays":[3],"an":[4,219],"essential":[5],"role":[6,201],"in":[7,66,123,132,143,171,202,284],"how":[8],"scientific":[9,113,226,249,263,270],"research":[10,173,194,250],"is":[11],"pursued,":[12],"we":[13,49,103,160,272],"understand":[14],"little":[15],"about":[16],"its":[17],"effects":[18],"on":[19,89],"a":[20,51,58,93,98,133,192,199],"researcher's":[21,59,94,134],"impact":[22,91,206,214],"and":[23,45,53,69,251,274,286],"career.":[24],"In":[25],"particular,":[26],"the":[27,73,84,90,188,204,225,245,252,269,278],"extent":[28,181],"to":[29,72,82,156,182,197,240,268],"which":[30,183],"one":[31,184],"specializes":[32],"within":[33,224,261,277],"their":[34,67,157,172,208],"chosen":[35],"fields":[36],"likely":[37,266],"has":[38,88],"complex":[39],"relationships":[40],"with":[41],"productivity,":[42],"career":[43,68],"stage,":[44],"eventual":[46],"impact.":[47,178],"Here,":[48],"develop":[50],"novel":[52],"fine-grained":[54],"approach":[55],"for":[56,115,149,230,244],"measuring":[57],"level":[60],"of":[61,76,92,191,207,213,248,281],"at":[63,105,187],"each":[64],"point":[65],"apply":[70],"it":[71],"publication":[74],"data":[75],"almost":[77],"30,000":[78],"established":[79],"biomedical":[80,193],"researchers":[81,150,166],"measure":[83,212],"effect":[85],"that":[86,254,265],"publications.":[95,209],"RESULTS:":[96],"Using":[97],"within-researcher,":[99],"panel-based":[100],"econometric":[101],"framework,":[102],"arrive":[104],"several":[106,259],"important":[107,242],"results.":[108],"First,":[109],"there":[110],"are":[111,128,147],"significant":[112,200],"rewards":[114,146,271],"specialization-25%":[116],"more":[117,288],"citations":[118],"per":[119,139],"standard":[120,140],"deviation":[121,141],"increase":[122,142],"specialization.":[124,144],"Second,":[125],"these":[126,237],"benefits":[127],"much":[129],"higher":[130,148],"early":[131,189],"career-as":[135],"large":[136,169],"as":[137],"75%":[138],"Third,":[145],"who":[151,167],"publish":[152],"few":[153],"papers":[154],"relative":[155],"peers.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"find":[161],"that,":[162],"all":[163],"else":[164],"equal,":[165],"make":[168],"changes":[170],"direction":[174],"see":[175],"generally":[176],"increased":[177],"CONCLUSIONS:":[179],"The":[180],"specializes,":[185],"particularly":[186],"stages":[190],"career,":[195],"appears":[196],"play":[198],"determining":[203],"citation-based":[205],"When":[210],"this":[211],"is,":[215],"implicitly":[216],"or":[217,234],"explicitly,":[218],"input":[220],"into":[221],"decision-making":[222],"processes":[223],"system":[227],"(for":[228],"example,":[229],"job":[231],"opportunities,":[232],"promotions,":[233],"invited":[235],"talks),":[236],"findings":[238],"lead":[239,267],"some":[241],"implications":[243],"system-level":[246],"organization":[247],"incentives":[253],"exist":[255],"therein.":[256],"We":[257],"propose":[258],"mechanisms":[260],"modern":[262],"systems":[264],"observe":[273],"discuss":[275],"them":[276],"broader":[279],"context":[280],"reward":[282],"structures":[283],"biomedicine":[285],"science":[287],"generally.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-10-01T00:00:00"}
