{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297786901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","title":"Investigating Machine Learning Solutions for High-Speed Data Analysis and Imaging of a Single Photon Counting Detector with Picosecond Timing Resolution","display_name":"Investigating Machine Learning Solutions for High-Speed Data Analysis and Imaging of a Single Photon Counting Detector with Picosecond Timing Resolution","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297786901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608255","display_name":"IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)","issn_l":"1095-7863","issn":["1095-7863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008848146","display_name":"A. Markfort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-8289","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-8289"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142821","display_name":"Photek (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/053frny31","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Markfort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084562056","display_name":"Alexander Baranov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-7550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-7550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Baranov","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109432073","display_name":"Tom Conneely","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-5399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-5399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142821","display_name":"Photek (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/053frny31","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. M. Conneely","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023455044","display_name":"A. Duran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-7464","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-7464"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142821","display_name":"Photek (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/053frny31","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Duran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044932761","display_name":"Jonathan S. Lapington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-5275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-5275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Lapington","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090503971","display_name":"James S. Milnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-2808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-2808"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142821","display_name":"Photek (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/053frny31","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Milnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photek Ltd.,St Leonards,TN38 9NS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059667733","display_name":"Andrey Mudrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-1357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-1357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mudrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052143104","display_name":"Ivan Tyukin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-7966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-7966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Tyukin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester,Leicester,LE1 7RH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62502082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.3668999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-counting-detector","display_name":"single photon counting detector","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-correlated-single-photon-counting","display_name":"time-correlated single photon counting","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-anode-photomultiplier-tubes","display_name":"multi-anode photomultiplier tubes","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/picosecond-timing-resolution","display_name":"picosecond timing resolution","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-image-processing","display_name":"machine learning image processing","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-sharing","display_name":"charge sharing","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-resolution-enhancement","display_name":"spatial resolution enhancement","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7122419476509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.7080249190330505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7000402212142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5918130874633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.568995475769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5065058469772339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.4627867043018341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.44007608294487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4106544852256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4103219509124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37914514541625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34370285272598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3350679874420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32790637016296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12974241375923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09426566958427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608255","display_name":"IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)","issn_l":"1095-7863","issn":["1095-7863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316851","display_name":"KT","ror":"https://ror.org/043n4tt17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2316530841","https://openalex.org/W2973774320","https://openalex.org/W3154935926","https://openalex.org/W3196149578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310061862","https://openalex.org/W7113196808","https://openalex.org/W4214843056","https://openalex.org/W3087239887","https://openalex.org/W2545872406","https://openalex.org/W2025703094","https://openalex.org/W3003472740","https://openalex.org/W3154935926","https://openalex.org/W2030617705","https://openalex.org/W2076228782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Limitations":[0],"in":[1,32,49,74],"algorithmic":[2,194],"data":[3,195,221],"analysis":[4,196],"techniques":[5],"for":[6],"image":[7],"processing":[8,33],"of":[9,19,80,142,152,185,188,202,207,212],"photon":[10,26,53,150],"detection":[11],"devices":[12],"are":[13,28,99],"becoming":[14],"increasingly":[15],"apparent.":[16],"The":[17,104,129],"use":[18],"high":[20],"channel":[21,75],"count":[22],"electronics":[23],"and":[24,56,67,72,77,92,98,110,198,205,222,231],"increasing":[25],"rates":[27],"demanding":[29],"vast":[30],"reductions":[31],"time.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36,158,213],"paper":[37],"we":[38],"propose":[39],"a":[40,113,117,137,175],"model":[41,89,107,197,218],"which":[42],"demonstrates":[43],"robustness":[44,204],"to":[45,157,163,174,192],"the":[46,51,57,83,102,165,169,186,203,208,217,224,227],"necessary":[47],"calibrations":[48],"both":[50],"single":[52,149],"counting":[54],"detector":[55,220],"electronics.":[58],"Calibrations":[59],"presented":[60,100],"include":[61,215],"amplitude":[62],"walk,":[63],"correlation":[64],"between":[65,226],"charge":[66,180],"time":[68],"over":[69],"threshold":[70,76],"(ToT)":[71],"variation":[73],"timing.":[78],"Optimisation":[79],"hyper-parameters":[81],"within":[82,101],"network":[84],"such":[85],"as":[86,116],"learning":[87,106],"rate,":[88],"architecture,":[90],"optimisers":[91],"loss":[93],"functions":[94],"have":[95],"been":[96],"assessed":[97],"paper.":[103],"machine":[105],"is":[108,134,160],"trained":[109],"tested":[111],"on":[112,219],"simulation,":[114],"modelled":[115],"Time":[118],"Correlated":[119],"Single":[120],"Photon":[121],"Counting":[122],"system":[123],"(TCSPC)":[124],"camera":[125],"with":[126,136,146],"256":[127],"channels.":[128],"Multi-Anode":[130],"PhotoMultiplier":[131],"Tube":[132],"(PMT)":[133],"characterized":[135],"16":[138,140,171,173],"\u00d7":[139,172],"array":[141],"pixels:":[143],"each":[144],"pixel":[145],"an":[147,193],"RMS":[148],"timing":[151],"<60ps.":[153],"A":[154],"further":[155],"novelty":[156],"work":[159],"our":[161,189],"objective":[162],"increase":[164],"spatial":[166,177],"resolution,":[167],"from":[168,229],"native":[170],"higher":[176],"resolution":[178],"using":[179],"sharing.":[181],"We":[182],"detail":[183],"assessment":[184],"performance":[187],"approach":[190],"compared":[191],"demonstrate":[199],"statistical":[200],"guarantee":[201],"stability":[206],"model.":[209],"Further":[210],"objectives":[211],"research":[214],"testing":[216],"accessing":[223],"variance":[225],"results":[228],"simulated":[230],"real":[232],"data.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2022-10-01T00:00:00"}