{"id":"https://openalex.org/W429766","doi":null,"title":"Perspectives for Cyber Strategists on Law for Cyberwar","display_name":"Perspectives for Cyber Strategists on Law for Cyberwar","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W429766","mag":"429766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:faculty_scholarship-2992","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2368","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2992&context=faculty_scholarship","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2992&context=faculty_scholarship","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114021334","display_name":"Charles J. Dunlap","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles J. Dunlap","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114021334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.0284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99119759,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-warfare","display_name":"cyber warfare","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarian-law","display_name":"international humanitarian law","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stuxnet","display_name":"Stuxnet","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wikileaks","display_name":"WikiLeaks","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-operations","display_name":"cyber operations","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-force","display_name":"use of force","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity-strategy","display_name":"cybersecurity strategy","score":0.32899999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171769113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849340","display_name":"Cyberwarfare","level":2,"score":0.9194303750991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43276605010032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3890647292137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38052088022232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3796921372413635}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:faculty_scholarship-2992","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2368","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2992&context=faculty_scholarship","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:429766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblioteca.cejamericas.org/handle/2015/3000","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:faculty_scholarship-2992","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2368","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2992&context=faculty_scholarship","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W429766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W429766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148865323","https://openalex.org/W186342418","https://openalex.org/W1489161098","https://openalex.org/W1575382874","https://openalex.org/W1690522583","https://openalex.org/W2263574270","https://openalex.org/W2274689219","https://openalex.org/W2417541915","https://openalex.org/W3019809414","https://openalex.org/W3123510825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501109980","https://openalex.org/W1129066022","https://openalex.org/W2487302638","https://openalex.org/W4411422607","https://openalex.org/W155364738","https://openalex.org/W1571927631","https://openalex.org/W2581094505","https://openalex.org/W2550017628","https://openalex.org/W4312464540","https://openalex.org/W4205567983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,10,12,14,57,70,93,98,121,167,174,178,190,193,218,228,253],"martial":[3],"rhetoric":[4],"in":[5,37,54,64,172,212,259,264],"connection":[6],"with":[7,101,164,242],"the":[8,19,52,71,106,118,146,165,176,188,191,215,224,239,245,260,266,274],"release":[9],"thousands":[11],"pages":[13],"sensitive":[15],"government":[16],"documents":[17],"by":[18],"WikiLeaks":[20,48],"organization":[21],"underlines":[22],"how":[23],"easily":[24],"words":[25],"that":[26,39,84,105,133,160,204,236,262],"have":[27,78],"legal":[28,99,278],"meanings":[29],"can":[30,40],"be":[31,271],"indiscriminately":[32],"applied":[33,272],"to":[34,68,80,142,197,222,244,273,276],"cyber":[35,62,199],"events":[36],"ways":[38],"confuse":[41],"decision":[42],"makers":[43],"and":[44,66,145,149,247],"strategists":[45],"alike.":[46],"phenomenon":[49],"is":[50,86,108,207,249],"but":[51,257],"latest":[53],"a":[55,81,96,136,154,183],"series":[56],"recent":[58],"cyber-related":[59],"incidents\u2013\u2013ranging":[60],"from":[61],"crises":[63],"Estonia":[65],"Georgia":[67],"reports":[69],"Stuxnet":[72],"cyberworm":[73],"allegedly":[74],"infecting":[75],"Iranian":[76],"computers\u2013\u2013that":[77],"contributed":[79],"growing":[82],"perception":[83],"\u201ccyberwar\u201d":[85],"inevitable,":[87],"if":[88],"not":[89,250],"already":[90],"underway.":[91],"All":[92],"this":[94,233],"generates":[95],"range":[97],"questions,":[100],"popular":[102],"wisdom":[103],"being":[104],"law":[107,192,246,275],"inadequate":[109,171],"or":[110],"lacking":[111],"entirely.":[112],"Lt":[113],"Gen":[114],"Keith":[115],"B.":[116],"Alexander,":[117],"first":[119],"commander":[120],"US":[122],"Cyber":[123],"Command,":[124],"told":[125],"Congress":[126],"at":[127],"his":[128],"April":[129],"2010":[130],"confirmation":[131],"hearings":[132],"there":[134,206],"was":[135],"\u201cmismatch":[137],"between":[138],"our":[139],"technical":[140],"capabilities":[141],"conduct":[143],"operations":[144],"governing":[147],"laws":[148,162],"policies.\u201d":[150],"Likewise,":[151],"Jeffrey":[152],"Addicott,":[153],"highly":[155],"respected":[156],"cyber-law":[157],"authority,":[158],"asserts":[159],"\u201cinternational":[161],"associated":[163],"use":[166],"force":[168],"are":[169,220],"woefully":[170],"terms":[173],"addressing":[175],"threat":[177],"cyberwarfare.\u201d":[179],"This":[180],"article":[181,234],"takes":[182],"somewhat":[184],"different":[185],"tact":[186],"concerning":[187],"ability":[189],"armed":[194],"conflict":[195],"(LOAC)":[196],"address":[198,223],"issues.":[200],"Specifically,":[201],"it":[202],"argues":[203],"while":[205],"certainly":[208],"room":[209],"for":[210],"improvement":[211],"some":[213],"areas,":[214],"basic":[216],"tenets":[217],"LOAC":[219],"sufficient":[221],"most":[225],"important":[226],"issues":[227],"cyberwar.":[229],"Among":[230],"other":[231],"things,":[232],"contends":[235],"very":[237],"often":[238],"real":[240],"difficulty":[241],"respect":[243],"cyberwar":[248],"any":[251],"lack":[252],"\u201claw,\u201d":[254],"per":[255],"se,":[256],"rather":[258],"complexities":[261],"arise":[263],"determining":[265],"necessary":[267],"facts":[268],"which":[269],"must":[270],"render":[277],"judgments.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}